<p>OtherusesWest End Historic District </p><br>
<p>The Old West End is a historic neighborhood in Toledo, Ohio and is considered to be "the largest neighborhood of late Victorian, Edwardian, and Arts & Crafts homes east of the Mississippi." The south end of the neighborhood is bounded by the Toledo Museum of Art and the eastern edge by churches of many denominations on Collingwood Boulevard. The area has homes varying in area from 1,200 to 10,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1818, the first log home was built in the area now known as the Old West End; then in 1829, the first tavern and store were built.</p><br>
<p>The Old West End was platted in 1866, and "the wealthiest and most well-to-do of Toledo began moving away from their former downtown homes to live in this new development far from the city". The Old West End "experienced most of its growth between 1875 and 1915."</p><br>
<p>By the late 1870s, the area became a very popular place to live; "...families began to build out in the woods in the West end.” In the heyday of the neighborhood, “Collingwood Avenue became known as the Avenue and eventually as the Avenue of Churches", because of all of the churches that lined and still line Collingwood Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The area fell out of vogue in the 1920s and 1930s. In the 1960s, its decline was hastened by the construction of interstate highways. “The construction of the I-75 expressway resulted in the demolition of entire blocks...”</p><br>
<p>Like most established USA cities, Toledo&#39;s historic areas declined, but the residents of the Old West End kept many of the historic landmarks from being demolished.</p><br>
<p>Their efforts paid off; in 1973, parts of the Old West End were placed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district; this district was expanded in 1984.</p><br>
<p>From the 1970s, the Old West End neighborhood became home to a broadly diverse population of established families, elderly residents, artists and those interested in the arts community, partly because of its proximity to the Toledo Museum of Art. The community also includes singles, minorities, and immigrant residents. Many houses in the neighborhood have been restored.</p><br>
<h2>Festivals and Tours</h2><br>
<p>Old West End Festival: "On the first weekend in June, residents of the Old West End hold their Spring Festival, which features food, entertainment, tours of historic homes, and spontaneous garage sales. Citizen involvement in the Old West End is high, and this is reflected by its many neighborhood organizations."</p><br>
<p>Old West End Garden Tours: In September, the Old West End Garden Tours festival features a tour of Old West End gardens, concerts, and food.</p><br>
<p>Tours de Noel: In December, Old West End residents open up their homes for tours while decorated for the holidays.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood attractions</h2><br>
<p>Countless historic homes and churches.</p><br>
<p>Mansion View Inn</p><br>
<p>Toledo Museum of Art</p><br>
<p>Toledo Symphony Orchestra(TMA Peristyle)</p><br>
<p>Rosary Cathedral</p><br>
<p>Collingwood Arts Center</p><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Episcopal Cathedral located at 231 E. 100 South in Salt Lake City, Utah is the cathedral church of the Diocese of Utah in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Built in 1871, it is the third oldest Episcopal cathedral in the United States and the second oldest continuously used worship building in Utah. On September 22, 1970, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original cornerstone was laid in 1870 under the supervision of Bishop Daniel Sylvester Tuttle with funding from Episcopalians in New York and Pennsylvania. The cathedral was consecrated on May 14, 1874. A fire in 1935 gutted the sanctuary, but the church was rebuilt following the original design.</p><br>
<p>The early Episcopal Church left its mark in the community such that by 1880, members of the church had established Saint Marks School for Boys, Rowland Hall School for Girls, and Saint Marks Hospital. Rowland Hall / St. Mark&#39;s School is now merged and offers education today for K–12.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Mark&#39;s Cathedral was built by architect Richard Upjohn in the Gothic Revival style. It has some of the finest stained glass in the state of Utah including four Tiffany Studios windows dated 1916, three windows designed by Charles Jay Connick, and one designed by Franz Xaver Zettler.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Current outreach includes Hildegarde&#39;s Pantry, Community of Faith Celebrations, Community of Hope, and Feed My Sheep programs. In addition the cathedral is often used for musical events and the cathedral hall has been used for many Civic events over the years.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 construction began on a new Cathedral Center that opened in early 2007. This space includes the Dean&#39;s hall that provides a meeting and dining area for up to 300 people. There are also offices, meeting and other space that serve the cathedral and community that it reaches out to in many ways.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia House, also known as the Johnson-Kinney House, located in Bennettsville, South Carolina, is a fine example of an excellently preserved late antebellum neoclassical, or "bracketed Greek Revival" home in rural South Carolina. Magnolia is a two-story frame house constructed in 1853 by Bennettsville lawyer, William Dalrymple Johnson. Johnson was a signer of the South Carolina Ordinance of Secession.</p><br>
<p>Notable details of the structure include a one-story porch supported by ten Doric columns, which extends along the northern exposure and front portion of the eastern side. Also, matching double leaf, five paneled doors are at the front and rear entrances, framed by rectangular transoms and sidelights with unusual rectangular pane design. Boxed cornices are bracketed all around. Behind the house are a barn and the old slave quarters, which were built around the year 1853.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Italy Building, also known as the Clay-Montgomery Building, is a building in San Francisco, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Following the destruction of the original headquarters, the Bank of Italy was briefly run from two locations, one on the Washington Street wharf and the other from the home of Giannini&#39;s brother on Van Ness Avenue. Shortly thereafter, more permanent accommodations were found in a building on Montgomery Avenue near the site of the original headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Frank T. Shea of Shea & Lofquist, architects. The ground floor facade is built from granite cladding while the upper ones, which mimic the design forms, are from less expensive terra-cotta. The interior is a jewel box of white marble and gold leaf detailing with a spectacular coffered ceiling.</p><br>
<p>During this period, Giannini and the bank directors decided to construct their own bank building. A parcel of land was purchased for $125,000 at the corner of Clay and Montgomery streets. Due to demands on the bank&#39;s funds following the fires, construction was not started for nearly a year after the land purchase.</p><br>
<p>The building opened on August 17, 1908, and served as the headquarters of the Bank of Italy until 1921 when operations were moved to a newer building at 1 Powell Street. Following the headquarters move, the building served as the headquarters for Giannini&#39;s Liberty Bank System. In the 1930s, the building became a Bank of America branch.</p><br>
<p>On September 4, 2012, mens luxury retailer Wingtip (formerly known as On The Fly) opened a retail location on the buildings ground floor, with tailoring and barber services in the basement vault.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Bank of Italy Building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 2, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The external structure is predominantly original with the exception of the replacement of the original doors and the addition of another entrance. Additionally, the windows that originally existed on the south side of the building were bricked over when the neighboring Scatena Building was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the upper floors (2–8) have seen extensive modification and little remains of the original design. The basement has also been heavily modified with the exception of the original safe containing 5,000 safe deposit boxes. The first floor retains much of the original plaster and marble work. The tables, marble counters, wainscoting, and light fixtures are also originals. The original bronze teller cages have been replaced with newer protective cages that retain the look of the originals.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Theatre is part of a complex of historic buildings in Salem, Oregon, United States that was originally owned by the fraternal organization Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places  as the Chemeketa Lodge No. 1, Odd Fellows Buildings. The theater building is also known as the I.O.O.F. Temple.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Theatre was built as a lodge hall and opera house by the Oddfellows in 1900, and was designed by the architectural firm of Pugh & Gray.</p><br>
<p>The Julius Grau Opera Company performed at the grand opening on November 29, 1900.</p><br>
<p>An annex containing a hotel and bus terminal and designed by architect Morris Whitehouse was built in 1921. The two former I.O.O.F. buildings were added to the NRHP in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The buildings currently hold retail businesses, offices, and a ballroom with other facilities that are rented for special events and even lends itself as a film and music venue. also performs several Broadway style live performances each year at the Grand Theatre.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Theatre has main floor and balcony seating. The listed the Grand Theatre having 744 seats. Over the years, the seating capacity has been reduced to. There are 13 rows on the main floor with 268 seats and 5 rows in the balcony with 112 seats.</p><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church is an Episcopal congregation in South Pittsburg, Tennessee, part of the Episcopal Diocese of East Tennessee. The church building and parish house, located at 302 West 3rd Street , are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest members of the Christ Church congregation were foundry workers who had immigrated from England and were working in South Pittsburg for the Southern States Coal, Iron, and Land Company, which was based in London.</p><br>
<p>After the Southern States company donated land for a church, the congregation began construction of a new church building in 1882. Tennessee Episcopal Bishop Charles T. Quintard advised them on the buildings design. He wrote that the new church should be "graceful and churchly," with a "good, deep, recessed channel," building dimensions "at least twice as long as... wide," and a steeply pitched roof. He also advised that "emplaned weather boarding" was an appropriate material. The church building was completed in 1884. With support from Bishop Quintard and St. Pauls Episcopal Church in Chattanooga, Christ Church parish was formally established in May 1887. The following year a rectory was built, the bell tower was added to the church, and the church was consecrated by Bishop Quintard. The church&#39;s parish house was completed in about 1889. An addition in 1960 connected the parish house to the church.</p><br>
<p>The church and parish house were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Christ Church is an example of the Gothic Revival architectural style. Both the church and the parish house are single-story three-bay buildings. Consistent with Bishop Quintard&#39;s recommendation, at 27 by 57 feet (8 by 17 m) the church building is more than twice as long as it is wide. The church building and its interior decor, including a hand-carved altar and baptismal font, are built entirely from wood (except for a brick foundation). The square bell tower is two stories in height, has an open belfry, and is topped by a steep flared pyramidal roof. There are several stained glass windows, including a Tiffany Studios window installed in 1915. The church has a Moller organ that was installed in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Historic American Buildings Survey described Christ Church and its parish house as "among the few frame Gothic Revival buildings in the state of Tennessee." Together with buildings at Rugby, Tennessee, they were said to "exemplify the imaginative understanding of high style design associated with the Episcopal church in east Tennessee in the Victorian era."</p><br>
<h2>Clergy</h2><br>
<p>As of 2014, the rector is the Rev. Kim Merritt Hobby. The Rev. Gary England is the deacon assigned to Christ Church by the Rt. Rev. George Young, Bishop of East Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Incarnation built in 1896 is a historic Carpenter Gothic Episcopal church building located at 111 North 5th Street in Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. John A. Deal, the first Episcopal missioner in Macon County, was responsible for founding the Church of the Incarnation as well Saint Agnes Episcopal Church in Franklin, the county seat. Its first building, a Victorian Gothic Revival wood-frame building, was built in 1896; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. In 2002, a new sanctuary was built on the property and the 1896 building became the chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Incarnation is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina. The Rev. Bentley Manning is the Rector of the parish.</p><br>
<p>The José Castro House , sometimes known as the Castro-Breen Adobe, is a historic adobe home in San Juan Bautista, California, facing the Plaza de San Juan. The Monterey Colonial style house was built 1838-41 by General José Antonio Castro, a former Governor of Alta California. It was later sold to the Breen family, who lived there until 1933, when the house became a museum as part of San Juan Bautista State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>José Antonio Castro&#39;s father José Tiburcio Castro was a soldier, member of the Diputación (the legislature of Alta California), administrator of Mission San Juan Bautista after it was secularized, and grantee of Rancho Sausal.</p><br>
<p>The elder Castro used his position to obtain land grants for relatives and friends. His son was granted land facing the Plaza de San Juan, where he built an adobe house in 1841. José Antonio Castro used the house as an administrative base for his military operations (soldiers&#39; barracks were next door) and let his secretary use it as a residence.</p><br>
<p>In 1848, José Antonio Castro sold the home to Patrick Breen, a survivor of the Donner Party. His family occupied the home until 1933, when it was declared a California Historical Landmark and purchased by California State Parks, which incorporated it into the San Juan Bautista State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the park uses the José Castro House as a fully furnished house museum, displaying a snapshot of how domestic life was in mid-19th century California.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>José Castro House is a two-story adobe home, completed in a Monterey Colonial style. The home is clad in stucco and includes a second-story full-length covered porches on both long sides, characteristic of Monterey Colonial architecture.</p><br>
<p>The pane glass windows beside the front door of the José Castro House are not typical of Monterey architecture and reflect the influence of Greek Revival architecture, which was also popular in the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays, the José Castro House property includes a half-acre orchard and garden, open to the public as part of the state historic park.</p><br>
<p>The Casa de Estudillo, also known as the Estudillo House, is a historic adobe house in San Diego, California, United States. It was constructed in 1827 by José María Estudillo and his son José Antonio Estudillo, early settlers of San Diego and members of the prominent Estudillo family of California, and was considered one of the finest houses in Mexican California. It is located in Old Town San Diego State Historic Park, and is designated as both a National and a California Historical Landmark in its own right.</p><br>
<p>Besides being one of the oldest surviving examples of Spanish architecture in California, the house gained much prominence by association with Helen Hunt Jackson&#39;s wildly popular 1884 novel Ramona. The Casa de Estudillo is one of three National Historic Landmarks in Southern California that were closely tied to Ramona, a novel of Californio life shortly after the American acquisition of California; the other two are Rancho Camulos and Rancho Guajome.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The large building is a U-shaped structure, measuring 113 ft on the front side, and 98 ft on each of the wings. It is constructed in the Spanish Colonial style, meaning that the house&#39;s 13 rooms are set consecutively in the building and connected only by an external covered corredor (as opposed to an interior hallway).</p><br>
<p>The main portion (the center) contains the entrance, facing west. To its left is the chapel and to its right is the schoolroom. Both rooms originally were smaller, with bedrooms located at the ends of building, but a 1910 restoration eliminated those walls to enlarge the rooms. Two bedrooms, a living room, a kitchen (which was added at a later date), and the servants&#39; dining room are in the north wing, while the south wing has three bedrooms and the family dining room. The house is topped by a cupola from which bullfights and festivals in the adjacent plaza could be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Ramona</h2><br>
<h3>Association with the novel</h3><br>
<p>José Antonio Estudillo died in 1852, and his family stayed until 1887, when they moved to Los Angeles, leaving the house in the hands of a caretaker. Meanwhile, the 1884 publication of Ramona, a novel set in Southern California which painted a romanticized portrait of Californio life, generated a nationwide interest in the region. This, combined with the opening of the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe Railway lines (and the ensuing rate war, which drove prices down to as low as $1 from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles), meant that hordes of tourists made their way to Southern California to see the locations in the novel. Unfortunately, Jackson died in 1885 without ever having disclosed what the actual locations in the novel were, which caused a great deal of speculation.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, a front-page article of the San Diego Union declared the Estudillo home to be "Ramonas Marriage Place", saying, "To sleepy Old Town (the house) is known as the Estudillos, but the outside world knows it as the marriage place of Ramona." This was despite Jackson never having visited the house, but in the novel, Ramona was married in a "long, low adobe building which had served no mean purpose in the old Presidio days, but was now fallen in decay; and all its rooms, except those occupied by the Father, had been long uninhabited". Despite the novel being a work of fiction, visitors flocked to the building thinking it was the actual location of Ramonas marriage. To be clear, the Union did not simply invent this story; a tourist had already scratched the name "Alessandro" (Ramonas husband in the novel) in one of the walls. The caretaker decided to capitalize on the attendant publicity and began selling off pieces of the house as souvenirs. Naturally, the buildings condition began to deteriorate rapidly.</p><br>
<h3>1910 restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1906, the dilapidated building was purchased by the San Diego Electric Railway Company, owned by prominent San Diego citizen John D. Spreckels (who also owned the Union). In his vision, the house would anchor a number of tourist attractions connected via his railway which would realize his twin goals of developing San Diego into a popular locale and generate revenue for his company. To this end, he hired architect Hazel Wood Waterman to renovate the house to a condition more closely matching descriptions in the novel. The original cupola and balcony was removed because there was none mentioned in the novel, and several doors and windows were moved. Waterman was exacting in her specifications: She wanted the building to look aged as well as have the "charm of the work of half-skilled Indian hands", although modern conveniences such as electricity and indoor plumbing were included. Upon its completion in 1910, it was marketed as a Ramona-related tourist attraction, and remained popular as such for years to come, drawing 1,632 visitors on one day in 1940.</p><br>
<p>Spreckels hired Tommy Getz, a theater showman, to manage the property, and it was under Getzs guidance that the property truly gained its Ramona association. He began strongly marketing the property: Tchotchkes of all sorts were labeled with "Ramonas Marriage Place", and more postcards were printed for the adobe than any other Ramona attraction. Due to its association with Ramona&#39;s marriage, the house was used to host weddings as well. Getz eventually purchased the adobe from Spreckels in 1924.</p><br>
<p>The association with the novel was so keen that the application for National Historic Landmark status was entitled, "Casa Estudillo/Ramonas Marriage Place." One author goes so far as to say that without the novels influence and the popularity of the house, the historic buildings that make up Old Town San Diego would have been razed. In fact, for a time, the Estudillos&#39; relationship to the house was nearly forgotten.</p><br>
<p>After Getz&#39;s death in 1934, his daughter Margeurite Weiss continued to operate the business for another thirty years, finally selling it in 1964 to the Title Insurance and Trust Company, which then sold it to local businessman Legler Benbough, who donated it to the State of California in 1968.</p><br>
<h3>1968 restoration</h3><br>
<p>The state Park Service then set about restoring it to its pre-Ramona state, including the missing cupola. The house now stands as a museum and is furnished as it would likely have been during Estudillos ownership, but with an added kitchen. The state seemed embarrassed at the propertys association with the novel: The long-standing "Ramona&#39;s Marriage Place" sign was removed, and brochures printed in the 1970s make no mention of the novel at all. By the 1990s, the state began to acknowledge the long-standing relationship to the book.</p><br>
<p>Ramona no longer has the same hold on the countrys imagination as it once did. It is estimated that only 1% of visitors to the Casa de Estudillo now are aware of the houses ties to the novel.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo - inner courtyard (2).jpgInner courtyard</p><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo - master bedroom.jpgThe main bedroom had some of the nicest furnishings. The canopy on the bed helped to retain the heat as well as to keep pests off that may have fallen from above.</p><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo - bedroom.jpgAt the time, many families in Alta California intermarried, and it was quite common for newlyweds to live with one of their in-laws. La Casa de Estudillo has many rooms such as this.</p><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo dining room.jpgDining room</p><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo - chapel.jpgOne of the rooms was turned into a temporary chapel for religious services.</p><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo - spinning wheel.jpgSpinning wheel</p><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo - kitchen.jpgKitchen—this was not included in the original design, which likely would have had an exterior cocina</p><br>
<p>Casa de Estudillo - oven.jpgOutdoor oven</p><br>
<p>Bell tower of Casa de Estudillo.jpgThe bell tower</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The James C. Flood Mansion is a historic mansion at 1000 California Street, atop Nob Hill in San Francisco, California, USA. Now home of the Pacific-Union Club, it was built in 1886 as the townhouse for James C. Flood, a 19th-century silver baron. It was the first brownstone building west of the Mississippi River, and the only mansion on Nob Hill to structurally survive the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Flood Mansion occupies an entire city block on Nob Hill, bounded by California, Cushman, Mason, and Sacramento streets. The block is fenced on three sides by bronze fencing installed at the time of the mansion&#39;s construction. It is a large masonry structure, three stories in height, its exterior finished in brownstone quarried in Portland, Connecticut and shipped around Cape Horn. It is an elaborate expression of Classical Revival architecture, with corner quoining, a balustraded roof edge, and windows framed by pilasters and elaborate pediments. The main entrance, facing California Street, is sheltered by a broad and deep three-bay portico supported by clustered square columns.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was built by James C. Flood, who made his fortune in the silver mines of Nevada. His inspiration for the building was the Gilded Age mansions he saw on the East Coast of the United States, so he commissioned one from architect Augustus Laver. Completed in 1888, it was one of his homes until his death in 1889, and was occupied by his daughter when it was gutted during the 1906 earthquake and fire. She sold the shell of the building to the Pacific-Union Club, which originally contemplated tearing it down. It ended up commissioning Willis Polk to design alterations including a third floor and a new interior. These alterations included the use of additional brownstone, furnished from the same quarries as the original material.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was the only one on Nob Hill to survive the 1906 earthquake and fire; the other mansions on the hill were built of wood, with finishes that gave them the appearance of stone, and were destroyed.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Good Shepherd is a historic Episcopal church located at 1448 Highway 107 South in Cashiers, Jackson County, North Carolina. It was built about 1895, and is a Gothic Revival style rectangular frame church. It is sheathed in weatherboard and has a steeply pitched roof. It features three lancet windows and a bell tower with a pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>On February 20, 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The Church of the Good Shepherd is still a functioning parish. The current rector is the Rev. Rob Wood.</p><br>
<p>The Harada House  is a historic house in Riverside, California. The house was the focus of a critical application of the California Alien Land Law of 1913, which prevented foreigners who were ineligible for citizenship from owning property. The state of California attempted to seize the property from the family in California v. Harada, but the Haradas ultimately won the case and retained ownership of the house. The house, created in 1884 and built upon by the Harada family, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990 and is currently overseen by the Museum of Riverside.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Harada House is located near downtown Riverside, on the east side of Lemon Street between 3rd and 4th Streets. The house was built in 1884 as a single-story saltbox cottage with recessed shiplap wood siding and a wood shingle roof. The Haradas made a large improvement to the property in 1916 with the addition of a second story, complete with "four bedrooms, a bathroom, and an open front porch." It now stands as an unassuming, two-story frame structure with shiplap siding on its exterior. It is fronted by a two-story porch supported by heavy posts, with the second floor of the porch being enclosed. The original four square chamfered porch support posts have been exchanged with simple heavy posts and the original windows were redecorated by extending their frames. Due to the alterations of the house being used as evidence in the case of California v. Harada, its historical integrity and a majority of its features such as its wallpaper, fixtures, and overall structural design have been preserved.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Family</h3><br>
<p>During the early 1900s, Jukichi Harada emigrated from his native home of Japan alongside his wife, Ken, and their firstborn son, Masa Atsu. The Harada family settled in Riverside, California by leasing a boarding house as well as operating a restaurant, and they had three more children, Mine, Sumi, and Yoshizo, during this time. In 1913, the Harada family suffered the loss of their five-year-old son, Tadao, due to the bacterial infection diphtheria caused by their current confined living situation. Jukichi Harada then began searching for a new home that was close to the familys church and his childrens school.</p><br>
<h3>California v. Harada</h3><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1915 by Jukichi Harada in a transaction that formally placed ownership of the house in the hands of his three minor children, who were natural-born United States citizens. This was because Harada and his wife Ken were immigrants from Japan, and were prevented from owning property in California by the California Alien Land Law of 1913. After the purchase, neighboring property owners attempted to drive the Haradas out of the property, without success. State authorities then filed suit against the children (the named owners of the property) to bring it into state ownership in October 1916, and the hearings for the case of California v. Harada began in December 1916.</p><br>
<p>At issue in the case was the right of the American-born Japanese children of Japanese immigrants to own the house, with the case serving as an early constitutional test of the alien land law. During the hearings, the case drew international attention, as the current relations and Gentlemen&#39;s Agreement between the USA and Japan put a lot of eyes on the trial. The hearings ended in September 1918, with Judge Hugh Craig upholding the right of the children to own the house. Judge Craig stated that, as American citizens, the Harada children had the right to own property regardless of their race, and the state chose not to appeal this decision.</p><br>
<p>Despite the Haradas being allowed to keep the property, the principle of legislation preventing land ownership by aliens was also confirmed. This set the stage for further legal challenges, as foreigners ineligible for citizenship were still unable to own property.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>During World War II, the Haradas were among those sent to Japanese internment camps, where both Ken and Jukichi Harada died. During their internment, a Caucasian friend of the family occupied the house, and the family was able to retain ownership.</p><br>
<p>Also during World War II family members Roy Hashimura (adopted) and Harold Harada served with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. In the years after the war, Sumi Harada, one of the three children, took over the house and boarded other Japanese families who had lost their homes. It is during this period that the upstairs porch was enclosed to provide more living space.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1970s, Mark Rawitsch, a graduate student from the University of California, begun researching the Harada house. Working alongside Sumi Harada, who was able to preserve a vast quantity of family records, the two were able to demonstrate the house&#39;s significance to the City of Riverside, and the house became an official landmark in 1977. In 1991, Sumi Harada received a letter from the National Park Service, “The Harada House has been found to possess national significance in the history of the United States. It has been declared a National Historical Landmark.” In 2004, four years after Sumi Harada died and ownership passed to her brother Harold, their house was donated to the Riverside Metropolitan Museum.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In November 2016, the American Alliance of Museums notified the Riverside Metropolitan Museum in a reaccreditation letter of the need to come together "to see measurable plans and evidence of concrete steps taken to address the urgent need to stabilize, then conserve, then open the Harada House." A comprehensive structural engineering assessment shall be performed to understand the house&#39;s full condition. There are more structural issues that have to be dealt with to fully stabilize it, even though the house has had previous structural work. Overall, the Harada House needs dismantling to understand its original structure and condition, then a full plan of procedures to fully restore the house can be developed.</p><br>
<p>Through the process of restoration, the house is currently being made into a cultural and educational site by the Museum of Riverside (formerly the Riverside Metropolitan Museum). To create an interpretive center for the site, the museum raised money through donations to purchase a neighboring house, referred to as the Robinson House.</p><br>
<p>Los Cerritos Ranch House, also known as Rancho Los Cerritos or Casa de los Cerritos, in Long Beach, California, was "the largest and most impressive adobe residence erected in southern California during the Mexican period". It is currently a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure, a Monterey Colonial adobe, was built in 1844 for merchant Jonathan Temple, a Yankee pioneer who became a Mexican citizen. The house was once the headquarters for a 27,000 acre ranch; the major activity on the ranch was cattle and sheep.</p><br>
<p>The land was part of the 167,000 acre Rancho Los Nietos land grant to Manuel Nieto that was eventually divided into six parcels, one of which was Rancho los Cerritos. In 1843, Temple purchased the rancho and built the adobe house in 1844 as headquarters for his cattle operations. In 1866, Temple sold the rancho to Flint, Bixby & Company which converted the ranch from cattle to sheep. Jotham Bixby, the brother of one of the company&#39;s founders, managed and resided at the ranch from 1866 to 1881. Jotham Bixby, known as the "father of Long Beach", eventually purchased the property for himself and raised seven children at the adobe.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the late 1870s, Bixby began leasing or selling portions of the ranch, which became the cities of Downey, Paramount and Lakewood. Between the 1880s and 1920, the adobe fell into disrepair. In 1929, Llewellyn Bixby (Jothams nephew) purchased the property, and made extensive renovations to the house, including plaster cement coating, a new red-tiled roof, electricity, plumbing, fireplaces, a sun porch, new floors and much of the landscaping. Llewellyn Bixby died in 1942, and the family sold the house to the City of Long Beach in 1955. The City turned the house into a museum dedicated to educating the public about Californias rancho period.</p><br>
<h2>Operation as a museum</h2><br>
<p>Rancho Los Cerritos Historic Site was converted into, and remains, a public museum operated by the Rancho Los Cerritos Foundation in partnership with the City of Long Beach. It is open for tours, programs and events on Wednesdays through Sundays. The house is furnished in a Victorian fashion as it would have been when Jotham Bixby raised his family there in the 1870s. There is a visitor center with exhibits about the site&#39;s history from Native American times to the present. A formal Italian garden includes olive, pomegranate and cypress trees planted by Temple. The site also features a 3,000-volume California history research library and a museum shop.</p><br>
<p>The museum was closed for 17 months from 2001–2002 to allow for seismic retrofitting, removal of lead paint and asbestos insulation, brickwork repairs and modifications to improve accessibility for the disabled.</p><br>
<p>The Joaquin Miller House, also known as The Abbey, is a historic house in Joaquin Miller Park, a public park in the Oakland Hills area of Oakland, California, United States. A crude, vaguely Gothic structure, it was the home of poet Joaquin Miller from 1886 until his death in 1913. Miller was one of the nation&#39;s first poets to write about the far western United States. The property, which includes several idiosyncratic monuments created by Miller, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Joaquin Miller House stands on the southern edge of Joaquin Miller Park, at the northwest corner of the western junction of Joaquin Miller Road with Sanborn Drive, the park&#39;s main circulating road. The house is a modest single-story structure, essentially little more than three separate rooms that have been joined. Two of them are covered by gabled roofs, and have only vague vernacular references to Gothic Revival architecture. The third section is covered by a flat roof which has broad overhanging eaves. To this section is attached a wooden leanto of unknown function.</p><br>
<h2>Joaquin Miller</h2><br>
<p>Joaquin Miller, born in 1837 in Indiana, grew up in the Oregon Territory, and spent years as a young man in California during the Gold Rush years. Poorly educated, he had a gift for verse and showmanship, and he used his experiences in the far west as material for both his poetry and touring presentations. He was particularly popular in England, and is best known for his 1871 book Songs of the Sierras.</p><br>
<p>Miller had relocated to Washington, D. C., in 1883 and built a log cabin there while he unsuccessfully attempted a political career. He instead made his way to California and sold the cabin for $5,100 in 1887. In 1886 Miller purchased 100 acre of land in Oakland he named "The Hights". He lived there until his death in 1913. He first built a rustic one-room cabin out of redwood logs for himself and his mother, who joined him from Oregon. He then built a more elaborate home he called "The Abbey", likely named both after his third wife Abigail and as a reference to Lord Byron&#39;s home Newstead Abbey, and hosted literary figures including the young Jack London and Frank Norris.</p><br>
<p>He planted the surrounding trees and he personally built, on the eminence to the north, his own funeral pyre (eventually used to scatter his previously cremated ashes), and monuments dedicated to Moses, explorer General John C. Frémont, and the poets Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1894, the Japanese poet Yone Noguchi worked as a laborer in exchange for room and board while living in the cabin adjoining Millers. He published his first book, Seen or Unseen; or, Monologues of a Homeless Snail during this time. Though he referred to Miller as "the most natural man", Noguchi found his years living there difficult and later fictionalized his experience in his book The American Diary of a Japanese Girl. He referred to The Abbey as "Millers sanctum or Holy Grotto".</p><br>
<p>Miller died at The Abbey on February 17, 1913, after saying his last words, "Take me away; take me away!" He had built his own funeral pyre at The Hights and asked to be cremated there with no religious ceremony and without being embalmed. His wishes were not followed and his funeral on February 19 drew thousands. He had left no will and his estate — estimated at $100,000 — was divided between his wife, Abigail, and daughter, Juanita.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Hights was purchased by the city of Oakland in 1919. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962. The simple Victorian style house is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The landmarked area is 14 acre in size, and includes the house and the various monuments erected by Miller.</p><br>
<p>Modjeska House, also known as Arden, is a house designed by Stanford White in Modjeska Canyon, California. It is significant for being the only surviving home of Helena Modjeska, a Shakespearean actress and Polish patriot. The property is located in a live oak grove on the banks of Santiago Creek in Modjeska Canyon, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Modjeska came to America with her husband Count Karol Bozenta Chłapowski in 1876 from Poland, and created a retreat for when she was not performing on stage. To design a large Victorian country house, she hired one of Americas leading architects, Stanford White. They named it "Arden" after the forest setting of Shakespeares play As You Like It and planted gardens with olive trees, palms, English yews, white lilac, and crown of thorns. It was their home from 1888 until 1906.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Modjeska years</h3><br>
<p>After the property was sold, the romance associated with Modjeska&#39;s life attracted developers who marketed parcels of the property for vacation homes. In 1908, Gustave A. Schweiger bought the home and operated it as a bed and breakfast. In 1922, local Rotary groups discussed buying the property to use as a country club. In 1923, the Walker family of Long Beach purchased parcels of land in the canyon that included the Modjeska house and its surrounding wooded area.</p><br>
<h3>Historic site</h3><br>
<p>Modjeska House was declared a California Historical Landmark in 1935.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the Orange County Harbors, Beaches and Parks Authority purchased the 14.4-acre property for $1 million and established it as a historical site. A major restoration occurred before the site could be opened to the public. The original house had no indoor plumbing or utilities. A limited number of visitors are allowed on tours. Directions to the park are given after making reservations.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The house was featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 920.</p><br>
<h2>Marker</h2><br>
<p>Marker at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>Famous as the home of Madame Modjeska, one of the world&#39;s great actresses, it was designed by Stanford White in 1888 on property called the Forest of Arden. Sold soon after her retirement, it remains a monument to the woman who contributed immeasurably to the cultural life of Orange County. Erected by California State Park Commission. (Marker Number 205.)</p><br>
<p>The Hyde Park Firehouse is located along USA Route 9 in Hyde Park, New York. It was built in 1902 as the headquarters for the Eagle Engine and Rescue fire company, which later became part of the Hyde Park Fire Department and moved to newer quarters a block further up Route 9. Architects John O&#39;Donnell and William J. Beardsley designed the building in a Renaissance Revival architectural style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The building currently serves as a local history museum for the Town of Hyde Park Historical Society. The historical society&#39;s museum there is open from June through October on Saturdays and Sundays, with a collection from the townspeople including historical items like the voting machine used by Roosevelt in 1932 when he ran against Herbert Hoover.</p><br>
<p>The Dallas County Courthouse, built in 1892 of red sandstone with rusticated marble accents, is a historic governmental building located at 100 South Houston Street in Dallas, Texas. Also known as the Old Red Courthouse, it became the Old Red Museum, a local history museum, in 2007. In 2021, it was announced that the Old Red Museum would be moving out and the building is being returned into a hall of justice. The Texas Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals is moving into Old Red .</p><br>
<p>It was designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture by architect Max A. Orlopp, Jr. of the Little Rock, Arkansas based firm Orlopp & Kusener. President John F. Kennedy&#39;s motorcade passed the courthouse minutes before his assassination on November 22, 1963. In 1966, the courthouse was replaced by a newer building nearby. On December 12, 1976, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2005&ndash;2007 the building was renovated.</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 10.jpgMuseum interior</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 03 (Early Years Gallery).jpgEarly Years Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 05 (Trading Center Gallery).jpgTrading Center Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 07 (Big "D" Gallery).jpgBig "D" Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 08 (World Crossroads Gallery).jpgWorld Crossroads Gallery</p><br>
<p>Old Red Museum January 2016 09 (Childrens Education Center).jpgChildrens Education Center</p><br>
<p>Dallas County Courthouse (1909).jpgDallas County Courthouse postcard, circa 1909</p><br>
<p>The King Block is a historic apartment house at 117 High Street, Barton, Vermont, United States. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 20, 2002. Built in 1870 and expanded several times, it is a well-preserved example of tenement-style worker housing of the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The King Block is located just outside the downtown area of Barton, on the west side of High Street north of Eastern Avenue. It is a three-story wood frame building composed of several structures which were joined together. The oldest portion dates to 1870, and started out as an Italianate single-family house. By the 1890s it was being used by multiple families with shared entries but separate living units. Further changes, completed by 1921, brought the building to its present shape. It presents a twelve-bay facade to the street, with four separate entrances, each sheltered by a gabled hood. Due to the sloping nature of the lot, the south and west sides present the basement level as well. The south-facing side facade is three bays wide, with a cross-gabled roof above that is pierced by a single shed-roof dormer. The west facade, overlooking a railroad right-of-way, is adorned with porches on each level.</p><br>
<p>The building has had a number of owners through its period of alteration between 1870 and 1921. Its owner in the late 1910s and 1920s was James C. King, a local real estate agent, and it was in the 1920s that it became known as the "King Block". The historic modifications to the building reflect the periods of expansion of Barton&#39;s milling and manufacturing industries. The building exhibits typical design features of large tenements built in the state in the late 19th and early 20th centuries such as the multiple entry doors on the front façade and multi-level Colonial Revival style rear porch.</p><br>
<p>The Rhinebeck Village Historic District is located along US 9 and NY 308 in Rhinebeck, New York, United States. It is an area of 167 acre contains 272 buildings in a variety of architectural styles dating from over 200 years of the settlement&#39;s history. It was recognized as a historic district and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as a cohesive area of preserved historic buildings.</p><br>
<p>Its properties were developed primarily from the Colonial era to the end of the 19th century, when the district reached its present form. Three USA presidents have passed through here, most significantly, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who chose the design for a new post office during the 1930s, and spoke at its dedication. It is now one of the district&#39;s contributing properties. Today the area has become a popular local attraction, many of them housing boutiques and other small businesses. The streets are lined with large shade trees, bluestone sidewalks and other historic features.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Due to the lot lines most of it follows, the district&#39;s boundary is irregular. It is centrally located in the village, with the bulk of the properties within it located in the residential neighborhoods to the north east of the 9-308 junction.</p><br>
<p>Starting from Route 9, the rear property lines of South Street lots, then Crystal Lake and Landsman Kill form the southern boundary all the way to the east village line. On the north side of Route 308, it follows the east side of Crosmour Drive almost to Starr Drive, then it returns to the rear lot lines on Crosmour, 308 and Beech Street. At Chestnut Street it turns to the west along the south side of the street, and then includes the houses along the north side midway down the block.</p><br>
<p>It continues along these bounds to the rear property lines along Montgomery Street (Route 9). It turns north along them to where 9 forks off Montgomery onto Spring Brook Avenue at Northern Dutchess Hospital and then crosses the street to include the properties on the west side of Montgomery, all the way down to West Market Street. It includes the northern side of West Market to the west village line, and then some of the properties on the south side of West Market. After following the rear lines along Mill Street (Route 9) down to just north of the Astor Home for Children, it crosses the road back to South Street.</p><br>
<p>The district includes several other streets, in whole or part, besides those on its boundary. Center and Livingston streets are included in their entirety. Several blocks of Mulberry and North Parsonage streets are also within district boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The area within the boundary is heavily developed. Most of it is residential, with some larger lots at the extreme points. Commercial use is concentrated on the tree-lined streets near the 9-308 junction. Larger businesses are east of the junction, with smaller storefronts in the area extending east several blocks along East Market Street (Route 308). Institutional use is represented with three churches within the district, and the town and village halls and fire station. All buildings are in a range of 19th- and early 20th-century architectural styles, from Colonial to Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>European settlement in the Rhinebeck area dates to 1686, when a group of Dutch crossed the river from Kingston and bought 2,200 acre of land from the local Iroquois tribes. The name Rhinebeck is a combination of the name of the man who founded the town, Wilhelmus (William) Beekman (1623-1707), and his native town, Rhineland. Beekman was one of the original grantees of the area that became Beekmantown.</p><br>
<p>Later, Wilhelmus Beekman&#39;s son, Col. Henry Beekman (1652-1716), obtained a patent for the land, and saw a need for development to begin. The town of Beekman, Dutchess County, New York, is named for Col. Henry Beekman, who owned a grant there in 1703. He brought into the area Caspar Landsman, a miller, and William Traphagen, a builder.</p><br>
<p>In 1703 the New York colonial assembly approved money for the construction of the Kings Highway, later known as the Albany Post Road and today most of Route 9. Three years later Traphagen bought a tract of land in Beekmans patent where the Kings Highway intersected the Sepasco Indian Trail, the route today followed by Market Street. He built a house and tavern on the trail a short distance west of the Kings Highway. This was the beginning of Rhinebeck.</p><br>
<p>A decade later, in 1715, Beekman&#39;s son brought in 35 Palatine Germans who had fled religious persecution at home and had just concluded an attempt to produce naval stores for the British government on the lands of Robert Livingston to the north in what is now Columbia County. The village grew with the new arrivals. New trades established themselves, and in 1733 the Reformed Dutch Church had been built. Its first building was on the site of its current one at Mill and South streets. In 1766 the beginnings of the current Beekman Inn were erected. It has remained in operation as a hotel ever since.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1770s, a soldier named Richard Montgomery moved into the village with his new wife, a member of the Livingston family. He had just begun to settle into life as a farmer when the Revolution began. After being elected to the New York Provincial Congress, he was commissioned a general in the Continental Army, and died at the end of 1775 in the Battle of Quebec. The cottage still stands, although it was moved to 77 Livingston Street, where it houses the local Daughters of the American Revolution chapter; the street it was on was later named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>After independence, the village continued to grow. The Town of Rhinebeck, which contains the village, was organized in 1788. The current Dutch Reformed Church was built in 1802, making it the oldest church in the village. The current route of East Market Street was laid out the same year during construction of the Ulster-Saulsbury Turnpike, later to become Route 308.</p><br>
<p>Rhinebeck continued to attract politicians. George Washington visited in 1796, dining at Bogarduss, the second Traphagen tavern, when he stayed at a nearby friends house. During the 1804 gubernatorial election, both Aaron Burr and Morgan Lewis used taverns in Rhinebeck as campaign headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The village was incorporated in 1834. Ten years later, Alexander Jackson Davis built the Henry Delamater House at 44 Montgomery Street. It still stands today, one of the best examples of the early use of the Gothic Revival style in American residential architecture.</p><br>
<p>By the 1850s, Rhinebeck had grown even further and acquired a reputation as a woodworking center. The town&#39;s name on milled products was a symbol of quality, and its furniture was shipped as far away as South Carolina. It was said to have no better in making carriages, coaches and sleighs. Some makers of clothing also achieved national prestige. The area was also acquiring a cachet as a location for the country estates of the Gilded Age wealthy.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1880s the village was visited by a president-elect. Levi P. Morton, a former congressman and ambassador to France, had settled in Bois Dore on Mill Street. Benjamin Harrison chose him to be his running mate on the 1888 Republican ticket. Harrison was visiting him in Rhinebeck later that year when word came to them that they had just been elected. Later, Morton would serve as governor.</p><br>
<p>The end of the 19th century saw a new industry center on Rhinebeck: the cultivation of violets. Roughly 20% of the village&#39;s population during the Gay Nineties was in this business in some way, and the total crop was later estimated to have exceeded a million dollars in value some years. Several of the "violet houses" built during this era survive and are located in the district.</p><br>
<p>An 1890 map of the village shows it as nearly coterminous with todays historic district. That area has remained mostly as it was at that time. A third president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, himself a native of nearby Hyde Park, would play a role in the towns history during the later years of the Great Depression when he oversaw the design process for the new post office. He had long promoted Dutch-style fieldstone as a material for public buildings in the area, and told the architects to use Henry Beekman&#39;s house (burned in a 1910 fire) as their model and some of its remaining stones for the post office.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The village of Rhinebeck&#39;s zoning code creates a "special sensitivity" overlay district along Route 9 to preserve the historic character of that portion of the district, the part seen by most visitors to the town. It mandates that all new construction in residential areas preserve the appearance of a single detached dwelling, and that businesses in the area covered are not operated in a way to make it outwardly appear that they are a business.</p><br>
<p>In their current draft comprehensive plan, the village and town call for historic resources in the communities to be preserved with a historic district and formal architectural review process to ensure compatible, non-intrusive new structures and renovations. It asks that the town historian inventory all known historic sites in town, and that any eligible buildings not previously included be nominated to the National Register and its state equivalent.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt Library is one of 41 community libraries in the Hennepin County Library System, originally part of the Minneapolis Public Library System as it is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt Library was originally built inside and named for Roosevelt High School (named after Theodore Roosevelt) in Minneapoliss Standish neighborhood in 1922. In this way, it not only served the high school students, but also the adults of the neighborhood. In the 1920s, Standish experienced a 50% population boom consisting mainly of Swedish immigrants, so Roosevelt was available to them for language-learning and job-finding resources. However, Roosevelt soon outgrew the high school as the neighborhood flourished, so in 1926 the Minneapolis Public Library purchased a package of land directly west of Roosevelt High School for $28,000. They hired Klarquist, S.M. and Son to design the new library building. The architectural firm did so, designing a brick and wood building in the Tudor Revival style. The building was modeled after the original East Lake Community Library, also a Minneapolis library, although Roosevelt had a small amount of front yard space where East Lake did not. Upon opening the librarys hours were 10a.m. – 9p.m., Monday–Friday and 10a.m. – 1p.m. on Saturdays. This quote from Theodore Roosevelt was included in Community Bookshelf article on the library, “After the church and the school, the free public library is the most effective influence for good in America.” It went on to state, “We hope we may justify this statement in this new neighborhood, and that the people will use our equipment freely for their enjoyment and education.” The opening day staff were: Ada N. Whiting, Librarian; Eleanor Heimark, First Assistant; Volborg Sobba, Assistant; Lessley Chilson, Assistant; Wallace Petri, Page; Mina Jacobsen, Janitress.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt was open five or six days a week for most of the 20th century. Depending on library funding, it was sometimes open on Saturday and other times closed then. Fluctuations in neighborhood population and the changing demographics of the community also contributed to library usage and open hours. During World War II, librarians at Roosevelt held special story times for the children of the area, many of whom had mothers in the workforce and fathers fighting in the European or Pacific Theater. This helped the children take their minds off the war, and also helped curb rising juvenile delinquency rates in the Standish neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Roosevelt&#39;s hours and users remained steady. The library in 1962 decided to experiment with purchasing paperback books for teens. Roosevelt was selected as the pilot location for the paperback project because of its proximity to a high school. In 1973 the building gained a parking lot and air conditioning.</p><br>
<h2>Outlook 2010 options</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt was small by 1999, as many of the other Minneapolis Public Libraries were 10,000 ft&sup2;. or greater. It also lacked a public meeting room and failed to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act. Voters chose to support the 2000 referendum which gave money to libraries for capital improvements. In a plan drafted July, 1999 called Outlook 2010, there were four options for Roosevelt.</p><br>
<h3>Option A</h3><br>
<p>Option A had Roosevelt combining with the nearby Nokomis Community Library at an undecided location. The new building would have been 25,000 ft&sup2;. and both Roosevelt and Nokomis would close. This plan was no longer feasible when Nokomis underwent capital improvements of its own.</p><br>
<h3>Option B</h3><br>
<p>Option B included Roosevelt moving to a larger building by itself while keeping Nokomis at its current location or moving it separately. In this plan, the new building would be 10,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>Option C</h3><br>
<p>Option C called for major capital improvements to the original Roosevelt building, such as the addition of ramps to make it wheelchair accessible and the replacement of the furnace and water heater.</p><br>
<h3>Option D</h3><br>
<p>Option D proposed expanding Roosevelt by 5,000 ft&sup2;. along with complying it to the Americans with Disabilities Act and expanding the library&#39;s collection greatly.</p><br>
<p>None of the Outlook 2010 plans were undertaken although what eventually was done by Hennepin County Library is sort of a combination of Options C and D. In 1997 the building was recognized as a local historic landmark and on 26 May 2000 Roosevelt was added to the National Register of Historic Places which meaning it could not be destroyed or greatly altered using federal aid without a public hearing.</p><br>
<h2>Outlook 2010 aftermath</h2><br>
<p>In 2002 a new mixed used library (close to option B) at 38th Street and 23rd Avenue was endorsed by the neighborhood advisory team but uncertain economic conditions shelved that project. More plans for renovations were made in 2005 but those were also shelved due to economics.</p><br>
<h2>Closure, reopening and renovation</h2><br>
<p>Due to funding cuts in the early 2000s, Roosevelt closed on all but three days per week. This continued until 2006 when funding cuts became even more drastic. On 29 December 2006 Roosevelt and two other Minneapolis libraries closed amid outcry from patrons and neighbors. During 2007, Minneapolis Public Library drew nearer to the merger with Hennepin County Library, who promised to reopen Roosevelt when and if the merger was approved. It was, and on 3 January 2008 Roosevelt was reopened (three days per week), now as part of the Hennepin County Library System. It closed for renovation in 2012. Roosevelt Library reopened on June 1, 2013 with a new meeting room and completely revitalized interior and mechanical systems. The new library features more public computers, including iPads for patron use within the building, a refreshed collection, a new multi-purpose room, and increased operational efficiencies with one customer service point.</p><br>
<p>The Rhea County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse in the center of Dayton, the county seat of Rhea County, Tennessee. Built in 1891, it is famous as the scene of the Scopes trial of July 1925, in which teacher John T. Scopes faced charges for including Charles Darwin&#39;s theory of evolution in his public school lesson. The trial became a clash of titans between lawyers William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense, and epitomizes the tension between fundamentalism and modernism in a wide range of aspects of American society. The courthouse, now also housing a museum devoted to the trial, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rhea County Courthouse stands prominently in the center of Dayton, on the courthouse square bounded by 2nd and 3rd Avenues, Market Street, and Court Street. It is a three-story brick building with Romanesque and Italianate features. It has a broad hip roof with a low hip-roofed tower at one corner of the main facade, and a taller square tower with an open octagonal belfry above a clock on the other. Some windows are set in round-arch openings. The building interior has many original features, including the main courtroom on the second floor, where the Scopes monkey trial took place.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1890-91, after Dayton was named the county seat, replacing Washington. It was designed by W. Chamberlain and Co., architects from Knoxville, Tennessee, and was built by contractors from Chattanooga.</p><br>
<p>In July 1925, the courthouse was the scene of one of the mostly widely reported trials of the 1920s, the Scopes trial. Essentially cooked up as a publicity stunt by locals after passage of the state&#39;s Butler Act banned the teaching of biological evolution in public schools, science teacher John T. Scopes was arrested and charged with violating the act. The state was represented by renowned orator and fundamentalist Christian icon William Jennings Bryan, and Scopes was defended by an ACLU-funded team headed by noted criminal defense lawyer Clarence Darrow. Although Scopes was convicted in a highly sensationalized trial, the culture clash between legal principles, as well as fundamentalism and modernism left an enduring mark on American society. The defense called Bryan to the stand to defend fundamentalism, and successfully exposed the underlying ignorance of his views. In subsequent years, many states that had enacted similar laws repealed them.</p><br>
<h2>Rhea County Museum</h2><br>
<p>A $1-million project which restored the second-floor courtroom to the way it looked during the Scopes trial was completed in 1979. The Rhea County Museum, also called the Scopes Trial Museum, is located in the courthouse basement and contains such memorabilia as the microphone used to broadcast the trial, trial records, photographs, and an audiovisual history of the trial. Every July local people re-enact key moments of the trial in the courtroom. In front of the courthouse stands a commemorative plaque erected by the Tennessee Historical Commission:</p><br>
<p>The Rhea County Courthouse was designated a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1976. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>On October 1, 2005, a statue of William Jennings Bryan was dedicated on the courthouse lawn, funded by a donation from nearby Bryan College. The statue was placed to commemorate the school&#39;s 75th anniversary.</p><br>
<p>On July 14, 2017, a statue of Clarence Darrow was unveiled near Bryan&#39;s statue, funded by a donation from the Freedom From Religion Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park is a public urban park and national historic district located between the Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello and Waverly neighborhoods to the west and the Belair-Edison, Lauraville, Hamilton communities to the north in the northeast section of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is roughly bordered by Erdman Avenue  to the northeast, Sinclair Lane to the south, Harford Road  to the northwest and Belair Road  to the southeast. The eighteen-hole Clifton Park Golf Course, which is the site of the annual Clifton Park Golf Tournament, occupies the north side of the park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Thompson years (1803&ndash;1837)</h3><br>
<p>The land on which Clifton Park sits was once farmland. Built around 1803, the home was originally the summer residence of Capt. Henry Thompson, (1774–1837). Born in Sheffield, England, he came to Baltimore around 1794, and soon became a prominent figure in the newly emerging city as a merchant, financier, and company director. Thompson was public-spirited and used his knowledge of horses in military matters to serve as a cavalry officer in the Maryland State Militia&#39;s "Baltimore Light Dragoons", which he joined in 1809 and was elected captain. He later organized the "First Baltimore Horse Artillery" in 1813, which defended Baltimore during the British attack during the War of 1812 at the Battle of Baltimore, the bombardment of Fort McHenry (which inspired the writing of the Star Spangled Banner), the Battle of North Point, and the stand-off at what is now known as Patterson Park in East Baltimore, on September 12-13-14, 1814. Prior to seeing action in Baltimore, he was assigned by Brig. Gen. John Stricker, commander of the Third Brigade (also known as the Baltimore City Brigade) of the Maryland State Militia, to carry messages between Bladensburg, Maryland, and the nearby national capital in Washington, D.C., during the first phase of the Battle of Bladensburg, which preceded the Burning of Washington during the Chesapeake Bay campaign in August 1814. Later he and his mounted unit served as the personal bodyguard of Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith, overall commander of the State Militia under then-Maryland governor Levin Winder, and the various militia forces from surrounding counties and states, including several regular army and navy units and detachments defending Baltimore in September 1814.</p><br>
<p>Later in private and business life, Thompson served as president of the Baltimore and Harford Turnpike Company which began building the northeastern spoke road out of the city, now known as Harford Road (Md. Rt. 147). Later he was part of the Poppleton Commission under city surveyor and mapmaker Thomas Poppleton which laid out additional grids of streets and blocks for the citys future expansion and prepared a well-known map and diagram of the new sections and the larger city in 1818, resulting in the first major large scale annexation of the territory around the City known as "The Precincts" from surrounding rural Baltimore County, that year. He also served as member of the boards of directors of the Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad, the third major Baltimore railroad chartered in Maryland and one of the first in America, (later merged with several other smaller connecting lines into the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad – eventually into the dominant northeast line, the Pennsylvania Railroad by 1881), the Bank of Baltimore – second financial institution in the city, the landmark domed Merchants Exchange Building, (largest magnificent structure then in America – designed by famed architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, 1815–1820), (at East Lombard, Water and South Gay Streets), the Baltimore Board of Trade, and the Maryland Agricultural Society. He was honored with the position of being Marshall of the Proceedings at the Cornerstone-Laying for both the Battle Monument, (on North Calvert Street, between East Fayette and Lexington Streets), on the first Defenders Day anniversary of the engagement, September 12, 1815, and the iconic Washington Monument earlier on "Independence Day", July 4, 1815, on a prominence in "Howards Woods" just north then of the developed city. In later years, Thompson also served as the Grand Marshall of the festivities in Baltimore surrounding the return and the touring visit to America of the French patriot and American supporter, Marquis de Lafayette, former aide to commanding General George Washington and also General in our Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War in 1824. Thompson maintained ownership of the Clifton estate until about 1835, dying two years later in 1837.</p><br>
<h3>Hopkins years (1838&ndash;1894)</h3><br>
<p>In 1838, Clifton was bought by local merchant, financier, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins (1795–1873), for his estate and was later developed with a nearby lake and a large sculpture collection. In 1858, the present Italianate-style Clifton Mansion with its prominent tower was built (pictured), designed by architects John Rudolph Niernsee and James Crawford Neilson.</p><br>
<p>Hopkins originally intended to locate the campus of his planned Johns Hopkins University on the Clifton property. However, Hopkins died before his vision for a university could be realized. Instead, a downtown location in Baltimores Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood was chosen by Daniel Coit Gilman, the universitys first president.</p><br>
<p>Even before the city purchased the old Thompson/Hopkins estate from the Johns Hopkins University Board of Trustees, a portion of the land was used for development of a reservoir for the areas municipal water supply system. Called Lake Clifton, the 30 acre reservoir was 30 feet deep and had a capacity of 265 million gallons of water when it was completed and put into service on December 27, 1888. Related to the reservoirs operation, the Clifton Park Valve House was completed in 1887 to regulate the flow of water into adjacent Lake Clifton. The valve house is an 8-sided distinctive stone structure with a cone tile roof and stained glass windows. It had eight valves controlling water entering through a large tunnel. Although the valve house still stands, it is in a dilapidated condition and the stained glass windows were destroyed by vandals sometime in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>City of Baltimore ownership (1894&ndash;present)</h3><br>
<p>In 1894, Johns Hopkins University sold its unused "Clifton" estate to Baltimore City for use as a park in the citys northeast section, adding to the citys growing parks system.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park became the central area where Maryland National Guard troops were moved in and out of Baltimore during the riots of April 1968 centering in the Jonestown/Old Town commercial district and surrounding rowhouse residential neighborhood along North Gay Street, following the assassination of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It was there that the troops camped out during their mission. They guarded the streets against looting during the day and slept at the Park during the night hours. Dallas Arthur, a Maryland National Guard soldier, describes the situation as intense when he relates to roadblocks posted near Clifton Park.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities</h2><br>
<p>Part of the estate has been a municipal golf course since 1915, the first public course in Baltimore. The old Clifton Mansion was used as the course&#39;s pro shop for many years, along with offices for the Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks. With the completion of a $7 million renovation to the Clifton Mansion in 2019, it is now used as the headquarters of a local service-based nonprofit, Civic Works.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, Peabody Institute trustees gave Baltimore City "On the Trail," a 7-foot-4 bronze sculpture of a Native American man created by local artist/sculptor Edward Berge, placed upon a boulder in Clifton Park. The statue is reported to have been generally overlooked by those visiting the park, though it has been subjected to periodic vandalism.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent de Paul Roman Catholic Church, now located in the eastern downtown neighborhood of Jonestown about three miles southwest of Clifton Park, had its old cemetery southeast of the park, bordering the golf course. Still owned by the Church, it is a seven-acre burial ground for about two thousand parishioners of mostly Irish, German, and Italian descent dating back to the mid-19th century. Heavily hit by vandalism during the 1960s, it was officially closed in the early 1980s and fell into disrepair. Cleanup and maintenance of the cemetery began again in mid-2010 under a newly established supporters and watchdog group, the Friends of St Vincent&#39;s Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Lake Clifton was drained in the late 1960s for development of Lake Clifton High School, (now referred to as the "Lake Clifton Campus"). It was opened in September 1971, built in a distinctive modernistic architecture. It is the largest school campus in physical size in the Baltimore City Public Schools system and one of the most massive and most expensive in the country built up to that time. Built in response to relieve the long-time overcrowding resulting from the post-World War II "baby boom" of the 1950s-60s, Lake Clifton however seemed troubled from the start and had problems extending through its first decade of service from the early 1970s into the 1980s. The all-girls secondary school of Eastern High School (founded 1844), after its unfortunate 1984 closure of its landmark 1938 Jacobethan/English Tudor-style H-shaped, red-brick building with limestone trim, to the northeast on East 33rd Street and Loch Raven Boulevard (opposite Memorial Stadium) was later merged with the Lake Clifton High School in response to protests from its students, faculty, alumni and many of the surrounding community, because of the increasing amount of deferred maintenance needed on the then half-century-old structure and also by that decade, student population in the city public schools was dropping and an agency determined that one of the city&#39;s then almost 25 high schools should be closed. For a number of years, the school was then known as "Lake Clifton-Eastern High School" as a historic continuation of the former long-time premier girls school. After another reorganization of the B.C.P.S. and the rearrangement of several schools in the northeast sector of the city, the institution became known as the "Lake Clifton Campus" currently comprises two small schools: Heritage High School and the REACH! Partnership School.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park is also home to "Real Food Farm", a 6-acre urban sustainable farm managed by Civic Works, Inc. that was started in 2009. The farm aims to increase food access in the neighborhoods around the park, demonstrate the economic potential of urban farming, and provides experiential education opportunities to the students from Heritage, REACH! and other public city schools.</p><br>
<p>Clifton Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Emmanuel Episcopal Church is an historic Episcopal church located on the west side of USA Route 301, just north of the Rappahannock River in Port Conway, Virginia, in the United States. Emmanuel Church and its historic graveyard are located in front of Belle Grove. In 1751, future President James Madison was born at Belle Grove, the childhood home of his mother, Eleanor Rose "Nelly" Conway. On January 7, 1987, Emmanuel Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The pipe organ, built by Henry Erben, is original to the building and is in continual use during services.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Church ** (added 1987 - Building - #86003593)</p><br>
<p>Also known as Emmanuel Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>US 301, Port Conway</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Niernsee & Neilson</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1850-1874</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<h2>Current usage</h2><br>
<p>Emmanuel Church is still in use and is one of three churches that form the Hanover-with-Brunswick Parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia. The rector of the parish is the Rev. Richard E. Fichter, Jr. Services are held twice a month at Emmanuel.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Cemetery is a historic city cemetery located in Mobile, Alabama. Filled with many elaborate Victorian-era monuments, it spans more than 100 acre. It served as Mobile&#39;s primary, and almost exclusive, burial place during the 19th century. Virginia Street originally formed the southern border before the cemetery was expanded and now cuts east–west through the center of the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Magnolia Cemetery was established by municipal ordinance on an initial 36 acre parcel outside the city limits in 1836 as Mobile&#39;s New Burial Ground. The cemetery grew to its present size with the addition of the numerous new sections.</p><br>
<p>The Jewish Rest section, also known as the Old Hebrew Burial Ground, was deeded to Congregation Shaarai Shomayim, the oldest Reform Jewish congregation in the state of Alabama, by the City of Mobile on June 22, 1841. Jewish Rest is the oldest Jewish burial ground in Alabama. The Jewish Rest section was full after only a few decades and led to the establishment of two additional Jewish cemeteries in Mobile, the Shaarai Shomayim Cemetery for the Reform congregation and the Ahavas Chesed Cemetery for the Conservative congregation.</p><br>
<p>In 1846 the city began to grant free burial plots within the cemetery to civic, labor, and religious organizations. The Coal Handlers Union, Colored Benevolent Institution Number One, Cotton Weighers Society, Draymens Relief Society, Homeless Seamen, Independent Ladies Mill and Timber Association, and the Protestant Orphan Asylum Society were among those organizations to take advantage of this policy until it was ended in 1873.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Rest section was added on November 25, 1861 for Confederate soldiers. It was initially called Soldiers Rest. The cemetery as a whole was renamed Magnolia Cemetery on January 15, 1867.</p><br>
<p>On August 20, 1868 the 7 acre Goldsmith and Frohlichstein extension was added to the cemetery, adjacent to the Jewish Rest section. The elevated and highly desirable plots in this section eventually became the resting place for both Jews and Gentiles, and came to contain some of the more elaborate sculptures and mausolea in the entire cemetery. The cemetery was enclosed with a fence in 1883. 1913 saw the addition of a set of monumental twin Mediterranean Revival gatehouses and wrought iron gates at the George Street entrance. Small additions continued to be made to the cemetery into the 1920s, extending the earlier Goldsmith and Frohlichstein section.</p><br>
<p>With the expansion of Mobile and the establishment of large private cemeteries in the first half of the 20th century, Magnolia Cemetery began to go into decline. In 1984 the Historic Mobile Preservation Society formed the Friends of Magnolia Cemetery as a non-profit corporation.</p><br>
<p>The goals of the Friends of Magnolia Cemetery included the establishment of perpetual care for the plots, cleaning up the cemetery, removing or improving the existing vegetation, improving maintenance, restoring historic monuments and ironwork, hiring a superintendent for day-to-day operations, and surrounding the site with a new wrought iron fence. The new fence was conceived and designed by local architects Arch R. Winter and Thomas F. Karwinski. Along with its notable monuments and the prominent individuals interred, the efforts by the Friends of Magnolia Cemetery helped lead to the cemetery being placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 local veterans requested that the Mobile National Cemetery section be reopened to burial with an expansion into the last city owned piece of property at the southeast corner of Ann and Virginia Streets. Upon investigation with ground-penetrating radar it was re-discovered that the proposed area of expansion had at one time been used as a paupers field for indigent burials. Although these remains had been relocated to another location years earlier, Veterans Administration rules would not permit the area to be reused for veteran burials.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The Pomeroy family mausoleum is one of two cast iron over brick mausoleums in the cemetery. The Rouse monument is a Neoclassical style monument with a classically robed mourning woman placed beneath a low profiled gable supported at the four corners by columns.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Rest section of the cemetery contains 1100 war dead and many large, elaborate monuments and includes an obelisk commemorating the men who died on the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley. The Jewish Cemetery contains many simple styles with Hebrew inscriptions, in addition to some of the more elaborate plots within the cemetery. The Caldwell mausoleum is an example of a Gothic Revival style mausoleum. It contains a lifesize interior angel.</p><br>
<p>The Wilson mausoleum, by contrast, is in an example of Egyptian Revival style and features an interior wall with stained glass. The monument was erected in 1892 by the Union Army survivors of the Battle of Fort Blakeley. The annex also contains the graves of thirteen Apaches who were held as prisoners nearby at Mount Vernon Arsenal between 1887 and 1894 by the Federal government.</p><br>
<p>A sailor of the British Merchant Navy during World War II, whose grave is registered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, is buried here.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Arthur Pendleton Bagby, served as Governor of Alabama from 1837 to 1841. USA Minister to Russia from 1848 to 1849.</p><br>
<p>James Battle, established the renowned Battle House Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Josiah C. Nott, famous and controversial 19th-century physician, surgeon, and author.</p><br>
<p>Walter D. and Bessie Morse Bellingrath, founders of Bellingrath Gardens and Home.</p><br>
<p>Braxton Bragg, served as a Confederate general during the American Civil War, also served the United States in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<p>John Bragg, appointed judge of the tenth Alabama judicial circuit in 1842 and served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1851 to 1853. He also built the Bragg-Mitchell Mansion in Mobile.</p><br>
<p>Frederick George Bromberg, served as an Alabama State Senator from 1868 to 1872 and then as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1873 to 1875.</p><br>
<p>Richard Henry Clarke, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1889 to 1897.</p><br>
<p>Kate Cumming, Scottish-born Confederate nurse during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Edmund Strother Dargan, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1845 to 1847 and then as a Confederate Representative for Alabama from 1862 to 1864.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Cooper de Leon, journalist, author, and playwright. After the American Civil War he was the editor for the Mobile Register.</p><br>
<p>Robert Desha, veteran of the War of 1812 and served as a USA Representative for Tennessee from 1827 to 1831. He was also Alva Vanderbilt&#39;s maternal grandfather.</p><br>
<p>John Forsyth, Jr., USA Minister to Mexico from 1856 to 1858 and later editor of the Mobile Register.</p><br>
<p>John Gayle, Governor of Alabama from 1831 to 1835.</p><br>
<p>Adley Hogan Gladden, served as a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War, also served the United States in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<p>Thomas H. Herndon, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1879 to 1883.</p><br>
<p>Bettie Hunter, successful 19th-century African American businesswoman.</p><br>
<p>John Herbert Kelly, youngest brigadier general in the Confederate States Army at the time of his promotion and one of the youngest generals to die during the war at the age of 24.</p><br>
<p>Michael Krafft, founder of the Cowbellian de Rakin mystic society.</p><br>
<p>Danville Leadbetter, served as a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Percy Walker, served as a USA Representative for Alabama from 1855 to 1857.</p><br>
<p>Jones Mitchell Withers, served as a Confederate major general during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Augusta Evans Wilson, Civil War author.</p><br>
<p>Klipsan Beach was the site of a station of the United States Life-Saving Service. The station buildings still remain, although they are privately owned. The station is on the National Register of Historic Places. The station&#39;s name was originally Ilwaco Beach, and only later became known as Klipsan Station. The station was one of several assigned to provide protection in the area known as the Graveyard of the Pacific.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>On the Long Beach Peninsula, in Pacific County, Washington, about 13 miles (21 km) north of Cape Disappointment.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The station was established in 1891. It was built according to the "Marquette" style of life-saving stations, one of a number of standard station designs adopted by the United States Life-Saving Service. This pattern received its name from the station where it was first used, Marquette, Michigan. There were 13 other life-saving Marquette stations, their architect was Albert B. Bibb, and it is speculated that the plans were drawn up in 1889. Other Marquette stations on the West Coast include those at Yaquina Bay, the Umpqua River, Coos Bay, and the Coquille River in Oregon and at Southside, California.</p><br>
<p>The boat house was also built according to a standard United States Life-Saving Service plan, called the "witchs hat" for the designs use of a distinct octagonal ventilator with a conical roof.</p><br>
<h2>Operations</h2><br>
<h3>Volunteer operations</h3><br>
<p>The station was first started in 1889 on a volunteer basis, and called the Ilwaco Beach station. On November 3, 1891, the ship Strathblane went aground near the station. The volunteer crew was unable to get their lines out to the ship, and seven people died. As a result of this, a decision was made to put the station on a full-time professional basis.</p><br>
<h3>Professional keepers</h3><br>
<p>Richard Turk was appointed keeper on December 18, 1891, and died on December 2, 1894. William S. Lawrence was appointed keeper on January 4, 1895, and "services dispensed with" on October 9, 1897. George Jorgensen was appointed keeper on November 17, 1897, and transferred to Point Reyes on February 7, 1902. Theodore Conick was appointed keeper on that date and was still serving in 1915. Chief Warrant Officer Joseph Henderson was listed as the Chief Officer in 1929.</p><br>
<h3>Equipment</h3><br>
<p>The station was equipped with a Dobbins type lifeboat and a McClelland surfboat, which were launched into the surf from a four-wheel hand or horse-drawn carriage. The station was also equipped with a variety of rescue equipment, including the Lyle gun, the breeches buoy, and Coston flares. At times, surfmen rode horses to patrol the beaches The station could call upon the assistance of a seaside railroad, the Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company, to move rescue boats up and down the beach to get closer to a wreck before launching.</p><br>
<h3>Use of railroad</h3><br>
<p>The Ilwaco Railway and Navigation Company railroad also took the crew of the station to wherever a vessel might have stranded on the beach along the line. Occasional special runs were made to bring on-lookers to a wreck site, and weekly excursions were made to take vacationers to watch the lifeboat rescue drills at the Klipsan Beach Station. L.A. Loomis was closely involved with the establishment of the life-saving station near to the railway line, which ran along the eastern boundary of the proposed station property. Loomis promised a siding along the northern boundary to the boathouse overlooking the ocean. A flatcar was placed there to allow transport of rescue crews and boats to points along the beach.</p><br>
<p>The railroad was used in at least one rescue, on December 19, 1896, when the German bark Potrimpos drifted ashore seven miles south of the life-saving station. The horse-drawn lifeboat was not able to get down the beach, but the railroad transported a life boat and crew to the scene of the wreck, where fourteen men were still aboard. The lifeboat was launched, and all the men were saved. A special train also brought up the life-saving crew from the next south station, Cape Disappointment, but by the time they arrive, all the men had been taken off the stricken bark.</p><br>
<p>The tracks were so close to the life-saving station that surfmen and their children could and did pose for photographs on the crude platform at the station, with the rails in foreground and the station clearly shown in the background.</p><br>
<h3>Wrecks along the North Beach</h3><br>
<p>A partial listing of wrecks along the North Beach (that is, the ocean side of the Long Beach Peninsula) during the station&#39;s operation includes, running from north to south on the beach:</p><br>
<p>schooner Solano, February 5, 1907</p><br>
<p>Glenmorag, March 19, 1896</p><br>
<p>Caoba, February 5, 1925</p><br>
<p>bark Alfa, September 19, 1924</p><br>
<p>Alice, January 15, 1909</p><br>
<p>Lenore, April 10, 1917</p><br>
<p>Strathblane, November 3, 1891</p><br>
<p>Artemsia, 1889</p><br>
<p>C.A. Klose (or Close), March 26, 1905</p><br>
<p>bark Potrimpos, December 19, 1896</p><br>
<p>steamer Point Loma, February 28, 1896</p><br>
<p>schooner Frank W. Howe, February 22, 1904</p><br>
<h2>The station now</h2><br>
<p>The station is no longer on the beach, which has receded a long way since active operations ceased. A photo from the beach when the station was active shows the beach extending to the station&#39;s watchtower and boat house. This is no longer the case. The station itself, as well as the boathouse and watchtower, remained as of 2000, and were in private ownership.</p><br>
<p>Lambs Creek Church is an historic Episcopal church located off Virginia Route 3 on Lambs Creek Road in Sealston, King George County, Virginia, in the United States. On September 22, 1972, Lamb&#39;s Creek Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Lamb&#39;s Creek Church ** (added 1972 - Building - #72001403)</p><br>
<p>VA 607, Sealston</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Ariss, John</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Colonial</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1750-1799</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Lambs Creek Church is still in occasional use and is one of four historic churches in King George County, Virginia. The current mother church of the county is St. Johns Episcopal Church near the county courthouse in King George, although ironically it is the only one of the countys historic churches not built in the colonial era (built in 1843 after the courthouses relocation). It, Emmanuel Episcopal Church (also now with occasional services) and Lambs Creek Church form the Hanover-with-Brunswick Parish of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia. The other active parish in King George County is St. Pauls Episcopal Church near Dahlgren, Virginia. Lambs Creek Church is available for weddings and other events. The Episcopalians of King George hold their annual homecoming service at Lambs Creek Church on the last Sunday of August. The slate-floored church is also used annually for blessing of the animals in early October.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent de Paul Church is a historic Roman Catholic church located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore at 120 N. Front Street, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was dedicated in 1841 and is "the oldest Catholic parish church in continuous use in Baltimore."</p><br>
<p>The history of St. Vincent is entwined with the history of Baltimore itself. It was founded in 1840 by Irish workers who were building the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Fr. John Baptist Gildea was the first pastor when the building was opened in 1841 to parishioners. The Irish immigrants working on these landmarks were a large part of the Catholic community, though membership included those from all social ranks, even slaves. It was the fifth Roman Catholic church constructed in Baltimore, and was built to serve the ever-increasing, wealthy, English-speaking Catholics in the Gay and Pratt Street area.</p><br>
<p>By 1865, weekly attendance was approximately 2,000 people. Unique among churches during this time period, St. Vincent&#39;s welcomed free people of color and slaves. Depressions in the floor in the rear of the church still show were the slave gallery was located after it was removed during a 1890s restoration.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the church was consecrated by Archbishop James Gibbons, one of four churches so recognized in America, which placed it under the direct protection of the Holy See. The parishs most famous son was James Cardinal Gibbons (1834-1921). By the 1880s, St. Vincents was the largest parish in the Archdiocese with over 7000 parishioners. In the 1890s, the demographics of the neighborhood shifted with new Italian immigrants, reflected by renovations to the church at the time.</p><br>
<p>Due to declining membership in the 1920s, St. Vincents began to offer mass late Saturday night/early Sunday morning for the pressmen who printed the Sunday papers of the Baltimore Sun and the Baltimore News, each located nearby. Soon there were four such "Printers Masses" each weekend which became very popular, attended by about 1,400. Printers were joined, and typically far out-numbered, by late-night revelers who took advantage of the unique mass time.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s the church was actively involved in movements against the Vietnam War and social changes which helped to attract young activists to the parish and its causes. The church and its members are very proud of the wide variety of backgrounds and cultures that have accumulated over their long and diverse history. St. Vincent is still an active and engaged parish in 2019. The current pastor is Father Raymond Chase.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The church building itself is neoclassical style with brick walls painted white to give it the appearance of wood. Inside there are cast iron columns for support. While the interior has been remodeled several times, the exterior of the church has never been altered.</p><br>
<p>Over its 178-year life, those responsible for St Vincent’s have invested in maintaining the original structure. A comprehensive interior renovation was completed in 1991, in time to celebrate the 150th anniversary of construction.</p><br>
<p>The church features a slender Georgian-style brick tower, painted white, which rises to a height of 150 feet above the narthex and contrasts sharply with its surroundings. The tower rests on an octagonal base and supports three successive indented tiers (one octagonal and two cylindrical), capped by a copper-sheathed dome and twelve-foot gold-leafed cross. Visually paired with the nearby red brick historic Phoenix Shot Tower, St. Vincent&#39;s white bell tower still serves as an iconic image for the historic Jonestown neighborhood of Baltimore. The church building features pediments and lintels quarried from Jones Falls stone.</p><br>
<p>St. Vincent De Paul Roman Catholic Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>From the letter filed with the National Register:</p><br>
<p>From November 7, 1841, until the present, St Vincent de Paul Church has been a major visual landmark in Baltimore. Its white tower loomed prominently in the 19th century skyline of that part of the city east of the Jones Falls known as “Old Town,” and as such was easily visible from the harbor by all the ships in that busy era. It was the sole survivor of the razing by the Urban Renewal Programs in the late 1950s, making it at the time even more visible in the middle of cleared land… is one of the few surviving early Catholic parish churches remaining in this city.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>When the church was completed, the rear of the building faced the Jones Falls, then an open river. The Jones Falls was constant source of concern to the church due to it frequent and unpredictable floods. The Jones Falls was covered over and paved in 1911 to form the Jones Falls Expressway, which now terminates in front of the church.</p><br>
<h2>Community services</h2><br>
<p>The parish is active in both worship and service (opening every day year-round for Mass) with a variety of social outreach ministries in service to the local community, especially to poor and homeless people. The parish supports a monthly mens clothes closet and weekly food pantry, and a Resource Exchange (which provides household set-ups for newly-housed individuals). It also hosts (in partnership with Catholic Church) a Friday Dinner each week -- —in which volunteers serve hot dinners to local homeless persons. The parish owns a small park, in which all are welcome. The park is the Archdiocese of Baltimores resting-place for the Homeless Jesus statue. This bronze sculpture is seen in many places around the world as a reminder of the Gospel call to care for "the least of these."</p><br>
<p>The church also offers a variety of religious education opportunities for children, teenagers, and adults including classes, retreats, camps, workshops, and discussion groups. St Vincent is also involved in local housing needs including replacing public housing projects with row homes for families. The most recent project is located on Pratt Street. St. Vincent was an active participant in developing the Heritage Walk, a Baltimore project, and is one of the stops on the tour. Besides being involved in local communities of Baltimore, St. Vincent also has two sisters parishes that they work to help. One is located in Nicaragua and the other in Lithuania.</p><br>
<p>The Warner Valley Ranger Station, also known as the Warner Valley Patrol Cabin and Quarters 304, is located in the southern portion of Lassen Volcanic National Park, on the access road to the Drakesbad Guest Ranch. Built in 1926, it is unusual in its choice of construction method. While it resembles a log cabin, it was built using stacked milled 2x6 lumber to form the walls. It is the only such building known to have been built in this manner in the western regions of the National Park Service system. The interlocking boards extend past each other at the corners, forming a decorative detail.</p><br>
<p>The ranger station was one of the first three building to be constructed in the park by the Park Service after the park&#39;s 1916 establishment. The other two buildings were the Summit Lake Ranger Station, also listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the now-demolished Butte Lake Ranger Station.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ranger station is a 1-1/2-story structure, measuring about 24 ft square. The interior features a large living room measuring 24 ft by 12 ft, with a stone fireplace. The other two downstairs rooms are a kitchen and a bedroom. There are two rooms in the attic.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Warner Valley Ranger Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 3, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Well No. 4, Pico Canyon Oilfield, located about seven miles  west of Newhall, California, in the Santa Susana Mountains, was the first commercially successful oil well in the Western United States and is considered the birthplace of California&#39;s oil industry. Drilled in 1876, it turned nearby Newhall into a boomtown and also spawned a smaller boomtown called Mentryville adjacent to the drilling site. Well No. 4 continued in operation for 114 years until it was capped in 1990. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966, and the Mentryville ghost town is now open to the public as a historic park.</p><br>
<h2>Early history of oil drilling in California</h2><br>
<p>Following the oil strike at Drake Oil Well in Pennsylvania in 1859, there was a short-lived oil drilling boom in California, but this was wiped out in 1867 when eastern oil could be sold cheaper. At the end of the first boom, 75 companies had drilled 60 wells in California, spending $1 million to produce $60,000 worth of oil.</p><br>
<h2>Discoveries of oil in Pico Canyon</h2><br>
<p>Oil seep locations in present-day Pico Canyon area of the northern Santa Susana Mountains were known and used for centuries by the local Tataviam and Tongva Native Americans for medicinal and healing purposes. Various accounts exist about the Spanish-Mexican era rediscovery by non-indigenous people of oil in Pico Canyon. Some accounts credit Andrés Pico with discovering oil there in the 1850s, but the Los Angeles Times reported in 1882 as follows:</p><br>
<p>The Pico Oil Spring was discovered in January, 1865, by Ramon Peria, a Mexican hunter. One day while hunting for deer he wounded a buck. He followed the trail and found it dead near the spring. The quality of the oil in the spring attracted his attention, being of a dark, green color and very thin, and so different from anything that he had ever seen, that he concluded it must be valuable. So he notified a friend of his, Jesus Hernandez, and they located the oil claim.</p><br>
<p>According to a later account, Peria gathered some of the oil in his canteen and brought it to others who recognized its value. Yet another account indicates that Perea brought a small amount of the curious substance to the Mission San Fernando, where a Dr. Gelsich recognized it as petroleum and at once formed a company to stake out claims. Peria was granted an ownership interest in an oil company for making the discovery, but he reportedly traded his interest in the company for a barrel of spirits and a $20 gold piece. After the discovery, claims were staked out, but it was not until almost five years later that the first well was struck and later still before the first commercial success.</p><br>
<h2>Well No. 4</h2><br>
<p>In 1875, the Star Oil Works, later reorganized as the California Star Oil Works Company, hired Charles Alexander Mentry (1846-1900) to supervise its drilling operations in Pico Canyon. Mentry was born in France, moved to Pennsylvania at age seven, worked in the Pennsylvania oil fields, and moved to California in 1873.</p><br>
<p>Mentry drilled three wells in 1875 and 1876 that showed promise, but the "gusher" came with the fourth well. Mentry began drilling Well No. 4 in July 1876 and struck oil on September 26, 1876, at a depth of 370 ft; the well immediately began producing 25 barrels. Mentry used his mechanical skills to create improvised tools, including a drill-stem he built out of old railroad car axles, which he purchased from the Southern Pacific and welded together. After Well No. 4 proved to be a success, Mentry constructed the first oil pipeline in California from Pico Canyon to the refinery in Newhall, later extending it 50 mi to the ocean at Ventura, California.</p><br>
<p>Well No. 4 continued producing oil for 114 years before it was finally capped in 1990. It was the longest continually operating oil well in the world. When a reporter from the Los Angeles Times visited the site in 1962, the caretaker&#39;s son took the reporter to old Well No. 4, turned the valve and reported: "Still producing after all these years... only about a barrel a week, but look how rich the oil is."</p><br>
<h3>Historic designation</h3><br>
<p>Well No. 4 was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. Along with the Rómulo Pico Adobe in San Fernando, Well No. 4 has the distinction of being the first site in Los Angeles County to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places and one of only two sites in the county to be so designated during the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Oil boom in Pico Canyon</h2><br>
<p>The success of Well No. 4 was by far the greatest of any well drilled in California and led to the states second oil drilling boom. As a result, the states oil production rose to 568,806 barrels in 1879, 1,763,215 barrels in 1880, and 4,194,102 barrels in 1881.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the editor of the fledgling Los Angeles Times traveled on horseback to see the celebrated Pico Canyon oil wells. As he approached the camp, he noted that his horse refused to drink from the canyon&#39;s rivulet, which he found was "about half crude oil and half water." The editor described the booming oil region as follows:</p><br>
<p>There are eight wells now yielding oil, and three more in process of sinking, some in the canyon, some on the hillsides and some on the tops of the peaks, five hundred feet almost perpendicular from base to top... large boilers, heavy machinery, timber, and all the etceteras for oil mining and the comfort of the miners, have been hauled up these almost perpendicular roads... the deepest well on the mountains is a little over 1,500 feet in depth, and none have yet been sank but what have yielded oil in remunerative quantities. A 2-inch iron pipe, about seven miles (11 km) long, runs from Pico canyon to the refinery in Newhall, and through this an average of one hundred and seventy barrels of crude oil is sent every twenty-four hours...</p><br>
<p>By 1883, Pacific Coast Oil Company (which later became Standard Oil of California) had bought out the competition in Pico Canyon and had 30 wells said to be producing 500 barrels. When the Times sent a reporter to do a follow-up story in 1883, he found a camp with its engines being run day and night, employing 80 to 100 men, mostly "robust, healthy young men from the mountain districts of Pennsylvania."</p><br>
<p>In 1895, a pamphlet issued by the State of California stated that the Pacific Coast Oil Company had 40 wells operating in Pico Canyon producing 500 barrels and one well that had produced 1,500,000 barrels.</p><br>
<h2>Mentryville</h2><br>
<p>A boomtown named Mentryville was built a short distance from Well No. 4. The town was named after Charles Alexander Mentry, who lived in the town and served as the superintendent of the Pico Canyon operations until his death in 1900. He reportedly treated the workers at Pico Canyon with dignity, and the operation never suffered a strike. When Mentry died, the entire town of more than 200 persons, except for three individuals left behind in Mentryville, traveled to Los Angeles for his funeral, bringing with them a large floral arrangement in the shape of an oil derrick.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s, most of Mentryvilles residents left, many tearing down their houses board by board and nail by nail, and taking it all with them. By 1962, Mentryville had become a ghost town, with only a caretaker family living in Mentrys old 13-room house. A visitor to the camp that year reported that "rusted oil equipment cluttered the canyon," toppled derricks lay rotting, and the cemetery was "choked with weeds, hidden and forgotten."</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Chevron donated the Mentryville site and the surrounding 800 acre in Pico Canyon to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy for the. A group called the Friends of Mentryville was organized to restore the buildings and open the old town as a historic park.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Landmark Marker</h2><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark Marker No. 516 at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>California Historical Landmark Marker No. 516-2 nearby reads:</p><br>
<p>The Frank Norris Cabin, also known as Redwood Retreat, was a retreat of the author Frank Norris in the Santa Cruz Mountains near Gilroy, California. A log cabin, it was only briefly owned by Norris before his untimely death in October 1902. A circular stone bench, the Frank Norris Memorial, was erected nearby by Fanny Stevenson, a close friend. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962 for its association with Norris, whose novels McTeague and The Octopus: A Story of California are major American literary works of the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Frank Norris Cabin is located on a remote parcel of private land in the Santa Cruz Mountains, northwest of Gilroy, accessed via the Redwood Retreat Road and a steep 1 mi hiking trail on that property. It is a single-story log structure with two chambers, and a stone porch. Located a short distance from the cabin is a semicircular stone bench,</p><br>
<p>Frank Norris purchased 10 acre from the owner of the nearby Redwood Retreat Hotel in the summer of 1902, at which time the cabin was already on the property. He had been introduced to the area by Fanny Stevenson, who owned a larger tract immediately adjacent. Norris and his wife Jeannette had spent time on the Stevenson property in 1899, and had become so enamored of the place that he wanted to stay nearby. He named the property "Quien Sabe" after a retreat so named in The Octopus. Norris&#39;s usage of the property is unclear: he made arrangements to enlarge the cabin, which had only one room when he bought it, but died quite suddenly (of complications from a burst appendix) in October 1902.</p><br>
<p>Warner&#39;s Ranch, near Warner Springs, California, was notable as a way station for large numbers of emigrants on the Southern Emigrant Trail from 1849 to 1861, as it was a stop on both the Gila River Trail and the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line . It was also operated as a pioneering cattle ranch.</p><br>
<p>The 221 acre property, with two original adobe buildings from 1849 and 1857, was declared a California Historical Landmark in 1939, The ranch is located 4 mi south of Warner Springs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This area had long been inhabited by the Cupeño American Indians, who first encountered Europeans when Spanish missionaries arrived in the area. The Cupeño were forced into the colonial mission system and over time lost control of their land, although under Mexican law they were supposed to receive rights to land which they tilled and settled. They continued to live and work in the area, however.</p><br>
<p>In 1830, Juan José Warner (born John Trumball Warner) left Connecticut and headed to California, passing through this valley. He worked as a fur trader and merchant in Los Angeles. By 1844, he had become a naturalized Mexican citizen and changed his name to Juan José. He received the Rancho San Jose del Valle Mexican land grant.</p><br>
<p>On December 2, 1846, Stephen Watts Kearney, with a small command from New Mexico, reached the ranch on what proved to be his way to the Battle of San Pasqual. He was later followed by the Mormon Battalion, that was establishing the route of Cooke&#39;s Wagon Road from New Mexico to California.</p><br>
<p>More importantly, from 1849 to 1851, Warner operated part of the ranch to serve travelers on the Gila River Emigrant Trail (part of the Southern Emigrant Trail). He opened the only trading post between New Mexico and Los Angeles on a wagon road developed after the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<p>When California became part of the United States, new obligations for taxes were applied to the Cupeño. Many of them worked on the Warner ranch, which had a negative reputation for severe treatment of Indians. In 1851, at the beginning of the Garra Revolt, an uprising by the local Cupeño tribe under Antonio Garra, Warner was attacked at his ranch. He sent his family to Los Angeles. Some of the ranch buildings were burned, but Warner continued to operate it, until his grant was challenged by a former claimant.</p><br>
<p>Warner&#39;s Ranch was a stop on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line in 1857 and the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line between 1858 and 1860. It was linked to San Diego by the San Diego - Fort Yuma mail route via the road through Santa Isabel to San Diego. Travelers rested here along their journey, after the trip through the desert.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Union troops established Camp Wright on the grounds of Warner&#39;s Ranch on October 18, 1861. The installation was designed to protect California from attack along the route of the emigrant travel route between Arizona and California. Due to difficulties caused by frequent high winds on the exposed position, the location of the camp was moved by Major Edwin A. Rigg, 1st California Infantry on November 23, 1861, to Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station some 20 mi to the north, also in San Diego County.</p><br>
<p>The ranch passed through several hands until in 1880, John G. Downey, former governor of California, became sole owner of Warner&#39;s Ranch. He started legal efforts in 1892 to evict the Cupeño. They challenged his actions under provisions of Mexican and United States law, but lost their case in the USA Supreme Court in 1901. The court ruled they were correct in their assessment of rights to the land, but had waited too long to press their claim. The case was followed closely by many citizens who had sympathy for the Cupeño. They tried to purchase their own land but were unable to raise sufficient funds. The local tribe was relocated to Pala Indian Reservation on May 12, 1903.</p><br>
<p>The first advertising for the hot springs was in 1894. Gradually a resort was developed, called Warner Hot Springs, which became popular in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The ranch house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The 221 acre property holds the now-restored 1849 adobe ranch house and the Restored 1857 Carillo Adobe and barn which was the original Butterfield Stage Station and Trading Post.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The historic portion includes an adobe ranch house and barn. The Ranch House has been restored and open to the public on weekends 12PM to 4PM and by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station is a stage station in the western foothills of the Laguna Mountains, in northern San Diego County, California. It is located on State Route 79, 13 mi northwest of Warner Springs and Warner&#39;s Ranch. The station was built on the site of Camp Wright, an 1860s Civil War outpost.</p><br>
<h2>Camp Wright</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Camp Wright was a Union Army outpost in the Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War. It was established to protect the route to Fort Yuma on the Colorado River, and intercept secessionist sympathizers traveling to the east to join the Confederate Army. A detachment of California Volunteer cavalry and infantry first established Camp Wright at Warner&#39;s Ranch near Warner Springs, in October 1861. The cold and windy conditions in the higher altitude of the exposed San Jose Valley caused the commander to change its site to the more sheltered Oak Grove location in November.</p><br>
<p>At about the same time, the Dan Showalter party of secessionists were attempting to avoid the post and make their way across the desert to join the Confederate Army in Texas. They were pursued from Temecula by a 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry patrol from Camp Wright, intercepted in the hills west of the San Jose Valley (site of Warner&#39;s Ranch) with the support of a 1st California Infantry detachment from the camp, and captured without shots being fired November 20–29, 1861. After being imprisoned at Fort Yuma, Showalter and the others were released upon swearing loyalty to the Union. They later made their way to the Confederacy.</p><br>
<p>For a short time in March 1862 Camp Wright was the headquarters of the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry before it moved on. Used for the rest of the war as a transit camp for troops moving along the road to and from New Mexico Territory and Arizona Territory, the camp was abandoned in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station, in operation between 1858 and 1860, is the only surviving station of the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line across the Western United States. The adobe building the stagecoach station used was built in 1858, and on the former site of Camp Wright (1861–1862). It was a stop between Los Angeles and Fort Yuma on the San Francisco to St. Louis route. It is a well-preserved one-story adobe building among California oak woodlands.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The site of Camp Wright was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station on its site was registered as a separate California Historical Landmark in 1952. The location of another nearby station at Warner&#39;s Ranch is also a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Wadsworth Mansion at Long Hill Estate is located at 421 Wadsworth Street in Middletown, Connecticut. It is a 16,000 ft&sup2; classical revival house situated on 103 acre wooded area. It is currently owned by the City of Middletown and is operated by the Long Hill Estate Authority. The mansion is the centerpiece of the Wadsworth Estate Historic District of 270 acre, which includes the mansion&#39;s associated outbuildings, the Middletown portion of Wadsworth Falls State Park, the Nehemiah Hubbard House, and several barns and farmhouses along Laurel Grove Road such as the Harriet Cooper Lane House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From its formal classical nucleus to the naturalized wilderness of its forest, literally every square foot of the estate was shaped by the ideas of Colonel Clarence S. Wadsworth and his architects. After marrying Katharine Fearing Hubbard, Col. Wadsworth began amassing land in the western part of Middletown that would eventually become his 600 acre estate. Starting in 1900, thousands of trees and shrubs were planted to change pastures and orchards into a naturalistic woodland setting around the mansion. Dense nursery plantations were established and mature specimen trees were planted. Some pasturage was left in its natural state and open areas were set aside for a lawn tennis court, the great lawn south of the mansion, and formal gardens. John Charles Olmsted played a major role in the design of the estate. The full extent of Olmsteds influence on the final design is not really known, but the firms well known approach to landscape is evident.</p><br>
<p>The mansion&#39;s architect was Francis Hoppin, who was classically trained at Brown University, M.I.T., and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He became known for his country estates, most notably The Mount, Edith Wharton’s 1902 home in Lenox, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The contract for the house was let to the Dennis O’Brien Construction company, a Middletown firm, at a cost of $90,000.00, a considerable sum even then. The use of reinforced structural concrete and fireproofing, considered a relatively new technology at the time, had rarely been used in residential buildings. Construction of the house began in 1908 and was ‘completed’ around 1911.</p><br>
<p>The Wadsworth family was in residence at Long Hill in the spring and fall, but maintained homes in New York, Palm Beach, Bar Harbor, Chicago, and Bermuda. The Colonel died in 1941, bequeathing the estate to the Rockfall Corporation, a philanthropic, non-profit organization he established in 1935, devoted to the establishment and preservation of woodlands, wild lands, and open space. In 1942 the Rockfall Foundation honored his wishes by giving 267 acre on the west side of Laurel Grove Road to the State of Connecticut to become Wadsworth Falls State Park. The Wadsworth family maintained Long Hill until 1947, when it was sold to Our Lady of the Cenacle, a Roman Catholic religious institute who used it as a retreat center for 40 years. During that time the house was expanded and the land was subdivided. After being sold to a developer in 1986, the estate was resold to another developer who planned to subdivide it into housing lots. His plans failed and he filed for bankruptcy in 1988. The bank that repossessed the estate did not adequately secure the building and it was not long before vandals, satanic worshippers, and homeless people frequented the house. In 1990 a fire was started in the East Ballroom that nearly destroyed the house. The heat was so intense that the steel used in the west side of the house punctured through the concrete. Had the Colonel not used reinforced concrete the structure would not have survived.</p><br>
<p>In 1994 the City of Middletown purchased the estate and the remaining 103 acre for $1,000,000.00. Over the next two years the city evaluated and developed plans to restore the building and grounds. On June 25, 1996, the residents of Middletown approved a referendum for bond funding to rehabilitate the buildings and landscape. The project architect was David Scott Parker of Southport, Connecticut. The construction contractor was Kronenberger and Sons Restoration, a Middletown company specializing in the restoration of old structures. Due to unforeseen work, the costs of the rehabilitation were greater than budgeted, and the citizens approved additional bond funding in 1999. On December 30, 1999, the building received a Certificate of Occupancy just in time to open for a millennium wedding celebration. Over $5.6 million had been expended to restore the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The public can take guided tours of the mansion on Wednesday afternoons. The grounds and trails are open daily.</p><br>
<p>Point Reyes Lifeboat Station, also known as Point Reyes Lifeboat Rescue Station, is a historic coastal rescue station, located on the Drake&#39;s Bay side of Point Reyes in northern California, United States. It was built in 1927 by the United States Lifesaving Service to replace a previous station dating from 1888. It is one of the best-preserved rescue stations of that period on the Pacific coast, retaining elements often lost, including the boat launching infrastructure. It is now a historic property managed by the National Park Service as part of Point Reyes National Seashore. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985,</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Point Reyes, located north of San Francisco, has been a major landmark on the California coast since the 16th century, and its topography has also rendered it a graveyard for ships. The point is a roughly triangular projection from the mainland, whose southwestern tip has eastern and western projections. The Point Reyes Lighthouse is located at the western projection, exposed to the Pacific Ocean, while the lifeboat station is located on the sheltered north side of the eastern projection, facing Drakes Bay. Its principal features are a pier and boathouse, the latter set at the land end of the former. The boathouse is 2-1/2 stories in height, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. Its ground floor functions as a boat dock, designed to house a 36 ft motor boat (the standard rescue boat of the service at the time) and a surfboat. The upper floor provided living quarters for the station crew. The chief officers quarters were located in a secondary building, set further up the hillside to the west.</p><br>
<p>Important surviving features of the station include a set of rails used for launching the boats. These are about 100 ft long, extending into the water some 60 ft, resting on wooden planking on land, and pilings in the water. Inside the boathouse there are launching cradles, one of which holds CG 36542, one of the rescue boats used during the station&#39;s active service period.</p><br>
<p>Due to the dangers of navigating around Point Reyes, it was an early candidate for a life-saving station on the American west coast. In 1888, the United States Lifesaving Service established a station on Ten-Mile Beach, a site from which rescue launches were found to be difficult due to the dangerous surf. This site was purchased in 1913, but was not significantly developed right away, due to World War I, and the merger of the service into the new United States Coast Guard. The station was built in 1927. It remained in service until 1968, and was transferred to the National Park Service the following year. Rescue services were taken over by a new station at Bodega Bay, which was capable of handling the Coast Guard&#39;s new standard 44 ft rescue boats.</p><br>
<p>San Juan Bautista State Historic Park is a California state park encompassing the historic center of San Juan Bautista, California, United States. It preserves a significant concentration of buildings dating to California&#39;s period of Spanish and Mexican control. It includes the Plaza Hotel, the José Castro House, and several other buildings facing the historic plaza. It became a state park in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The park is part of the San Juan Bautista Plaza Historic District, along with the adjacent Mission San Juan Bautista and the Juan de Anza House southeast of the park. The district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is also a site on the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History and features</h2><br>
<p>Mission San Juan Bautista was founded in 1797, as the 15th Spanish mission in what is now California. It was well sited for its intended purpose, the conversion of area Native Americans to Roman Catholicism, and was highly successful. The present mission church, still an active Catholic parish, was built in 1803–12, and is one of the largest of California&#39;s mission churches. The mission is not part of the state park but is adjacent to the plaza which is part of the state park.</p><br>
<p>Across the plaza from the mission is the Plaza Hotel, which was originally built in 1814 as a barracks for Spanish soldiers. Its second story was added in 1858, giving it a Monterey Colonial flavor. The hotel now houses a museum and the state park&#39;s entrance.</p><br>
<p>Following the independence of Mexico, the Spanish missions were secularized in 1833, and the village around the mission became a pueblo. On the southwest side of the plaza stands the adobe of interim Governor José Antonio Castro, one of the most important figures in California&#39;s Mexican period between 1835 and 1846. Built 1839–41, it is an architecturally important example of the Monterey Colonial style, and now functions as a museum within the state park.</p><br>
<p>One block southeast of the park is the Juan de Anza House, an adobe whose construction predates the rise of the Monterey Colonial style.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome is located on the Newcomb Pier adjacent to the Santa Monica Pier in Santa Monica, California. It was designed and built in 1916 by Charles I. D. Looff and his son Arthur to hold a Looff Carousel. Looff&#39;s carousel was housed at the Hippodrome until it was sold in 1939. It was replaced by Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel #62, which was moved from the Ocean Park Pier. The building remains a rare example of structures that used to be on the amusement pier, and scenes were filmed therein for the 1973 award-winning film, The Sting. Since 1977, the carousel has been owned by the city, and was restored from 1977 through 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Looff years (1910s–1930s)</h3><br>
<p>On June 12, 1916, the Looff Hippodrome opened. It and its carousel were part of Looff&#39;s new amusement park "Pleasure Pier," on a short, wide pier adjacent to the long, narrow Santa Monica Pier.</p><br>
<h3>Newcomb years (1940s–1960s)</h3><br>
<p>When World War II ended, Walter Newcomb found himself in an enviable position. The amusement business was expected to see a great surge with the return of the country&#39;s military personnel and a general feeling of national pride. With the closure of the Venice Pier reducing his competition, he relocated his Venice-based carousel into the old Looff Hippodrome.</p><br>
<h3>Threats, storms, and restoration (1970s–1990s)</h3><br>
<p>Over the next several decades the city of Santa Monica proposed various plans to tear down Newcomb Pier, and with it the Hippodrome. The city council approved a plan to replace the pier with a resort island in Santa Monica Bay. Local activists formed Save Santa Monica Bay and shot down that plan, and in 1973 the city formally revoked a standing order to demolish the pier. The city acquired ownership of the pier in summer 1974. In the 1980s it was almost destroyed by winter storms.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 the city formed a Pier Restoration and Development Task Force (now the Pier Restoration Corporation), tasked with returning the pier to its former glory. In 1989 the Pier Restoration Corporation decided to "make the pier a year-round commercial development with amusement rides, gift shops, nightclubs with live entertainment and restaurants" that would be "reminiscent of its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s". The Hippodrome was restored and the Carousel was rebuilt inside it. The current 2 acre Pacific Park opened in 1996 as a full-scale family amusement park.</p><br>
<p>Santa Cruz Looff Carousel and Roller Coaster On The Beach Boardwalk is a National Historic Landmark composed of two parts, a Looff carousel and the Giant Dipper wooden roller coaster, at the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk in Santa Cruz, California, United States. They are among the oldest surviving beachfront amusement park attractions on the west coast of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is located on the northern shore of Monterey Bay, south of Beach Street and just west of the mouth of the San Lorenzo River. The family-friendly amusement park was founded in 1907 by Fred W. Swanton, and has been in continuous operation since then. Early attractions included a natatorium, casino (in the old sense of the word, a place of entertainment), and a short railroad with hills. The Looff Carousel was purchased new from the Charles I. D. Looff factory in Long Beach, California in 1911, and the Giant Dipper rollercoaster followed in 1924. It was built by Charles Looff&#39;s son Arthur.</p><br>
<p>The Looff family was one of the major early manufacturers of carousels, including this 1911 example. Only five other intact Looff carousels remain in the United States. The Giant Dipper is the older of the two large, wooden scaffolded roller coasters remaining on the West Coast; the other is the Giant Dipper at Belmont Park in San Diego.</p><br>
<h2>Looff Carousel</h2><br>
<p>The Looff Carousel is located near the Riverside Avenue entrance to the park. The carousel has 73 unique horses and two chariots or seats, and is a pure carousel as all the horses were carved by one master carver. The Looff Carousel is one of six remaining intact in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The carousel includes a brass ring dispenser. Riders on the outside jumping horses can reach out and try to grab rings which then get tossed at the target which is a large clown&#39;s mouth. It was originally manually operated but was mechanized around 1950. It is one of only twenty ring dispensers still operating in the world. Sometimes, riders keep the rings to remember their visit.</p><br>
<p>The carousel also has three band organs: the original 342-pipe Ruth & Sohn band organ from 1894, a Wurlitzer 165 band organ from 2007, and a Wurlitzer 146 band organ from 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Giant Dipper</h2><br>
<p>The Giant Dipper is a classic wooden roller coaster, located astride the LeBrandt Avenue entrance to the park. It has a wooden track which is approximately 2,640 ft in length, and the height of the lift is approximately 70 ft. The track is colored red with white supports. When built in 1924, 327,000 ft of lumber was used. The track is inspected every two hours.</p><br>
<p>Navy Pier is a 3,300 ft pier on the shoreline of Lake Michigan, located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Navy Pier encompasses over 50 acre of shops, restaurants, live theaters, family attractions, parks , gardens, and exhibition facilities and is one of the top destinations in the Midwestern United States, drawing over nine million visitors annually.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Military usage</h3><br>
<p>Navy Pier opened to the public on July 15, 1916. Originally known as the "Municipal Pier", the pier was built by Charles Sumner Frost, a nationally known architect, with a design based on the 1909 Plan of Chicago by Daniel Burnham and Edward H. Bennett. Its original purpose was to serve as a dock for freighters, passenger ships, and indoor and outdoor recreation; events like expositions and pageants were held there.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1918, the pier was also used as a jail for draft dodgers. In 1927, the pier was renamed Navy Pier to honor the naval veterans who served in World War I.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, during World War II, the pier became a training center for the United States Navy; about 10,000 people worked, trained and lived there. The pier contained a 2,500-seat theater, gym, 12-chair barber shop, tailor, cobbler shops, soda fountain and a vast kitchen and hospital.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1946, as the Navy was winding down from its mission, the University of Illinois held classes at the pier, especially to serve the high demand from returning service members. As the maximum capacity was exceeded, the school outgrew the pier, the University of Illinois at Chicago was partly founded as a result. After the university left, Navy Pier became underutilized.</p><br>
<h3>Later use</h3><br>
<p>In 1989, the City of Chicago had the Urban Land Institute (ULI) reimagine uses for the pier. The Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority (MPEA) was created; its responsibility was to manage and operate Navy Pier as well as McCormick Place. The MPEA undertook the redevelopment, incorporating some of ULI&#39;s recommendations. In 1995, Navy Pier was redesigned and introduced to the public as a mixed-use venue incorporating retail, dining, entertainment and cultural spaces.</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment</h3><br>
<p>Efforts to update Navy Pier for the 21st century began on January 13, 2006, when the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority released a proposal for a major renovation of the pier, which including a monorail, a 260 ft spokeless Ferris wheel, a roller coaster, floating hotel, and a water park with a Great Lakes theme. The plan would have included nearly double the current parking and a replacement theater with a greater capacity. At the time of the announcement, a price tag of $2 billion was announced.</p><br>
<p>Following the reorganization of the agency that runs Navy Pier and McCormick Place, a new study was commissioned to reinvigorate the upgrade process. The new study, by the Urban Land Institute, was released on November 11, 2010, and recommended a more modest set of enhancements aimed at retaining the piers role as a public space, rather than turning it into a theme park. Suggested elements include a concert venue, an enlarged Chicago Shakespeare Theater space, new restaurants, a renovated commercial area around the piers entrance and additional park-like features to bring people closer to the lake. Possibilities, including the enlarged Ferris wheel and a hotel, are mentioned as more remote possibilities.</p><br>
<p>In March 2012, a competition led to selection of a design concept presented by a team led by James Corner of James Corner Field Operations that focuses on the pier&#39;s role as a waterfront promenade. In 2013, the Authority announced plans to carry out the first elements of a streamlined version of that concept, with reworked streetscape and a wider pedestrian space, moving tour-boat moorings to improve the view from a new central stairway centered on the Ferris wheel. Work began on the redevelopment plan, called The Centennial Vision, during the winter of 2013&ndash;2014. The purpose of the plan is to fulfill the mission to keep Navy Pier as a world-class public space and to renovate the pier so it will have more evening and year-round entertainment and more compelling landscape and design features. The Polk Family Foundation (founded by Sol Polk) donated $20 million to the redevelopment effort; the park and fountain at the entrance to the pier was named the Polk Bros Park and Fountain. The park hosts concerts and screens films.</p><br>
<p>A new Ferris wheel for the pier was announced on June 23, 2015. It is 196 ft tall, 46 ft taller than its predecessor. Rides now last twelve minutes instead of seven and feature three revolutions. The new wheel has brighter lights and opened in May 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Visions first phase was completed in summer 2016. Work included the redesign of the Piers public spaces, known as Pierscape, and improvements to the interior of the Family Pavilion and South Arcade. Phase I projects included the transformation of South Dock into a more engaging, greener space, conversion of the South Arcade indoor walkway into a Chicago-themed food experience and creation of a lighted water fountain/ice skating rink in Polk Bros Park. In November 2016, Phase I development achieved Gold certification under the Sustainable SITES Initiative (SITES) rating system, based on its expanded green spaces, improved pedestrian access, energy efficiency, innovative storm water management, and use of recycled local materials.</p><br>
<p>Phase II projects include the development of a seven-story, 240-room hotel, adjacent to the south side of Festival Hall; marquee additions to the East End Plaza, including a proposed arched, elevated overlook walkway and reflective water feature; a Welcome Pavilion in the 13-acre Polk Bros Park with 4,000 square feet for guest services and programmatic space; a seasonal ice rink within the footprint of the Polk Bros Park&#39;s fountain and plaza; and a short-term, north-side boat docking facility for use by recreational boaters seasonally.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>There are many outdoor attractions at the Navy Pier Park, such as the Pepsi Wave Swinger, Light Tower Ride, Remote Control Boats (now removed along with fountain around the Wave Swinger), Teacups and the Carousel. New for 2021 is Drop Tower, an S&S Double Shot relocated from the closed Pleasure Island.</p><br>
<p>Amazing Chicago&#39;s Funhouse Maze is on the pier. It is a self-paced, full sensory maze experience where a person navigates their way through 4,000 ft&sup2; of tunnels and mazes. Crystal Gardens is a one-acre, botanical garden inside the pier. It is a six-story glass atrium with a 50 ft arched ceiling. Many schools come here for field-trips to see and experience the attraction.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago Childrens Museum is a part of the pier, with many different exhibits and activities for both children and adults to enjoy. Chicago Shakespeare Theater, a theater that performs Shakespeares productions, is located there.</p><br>
<p>The original Ferris wheel was sold on September 27, 2015, and moved to Branson, Missouri, where it opened in 2016. The new 196 ft Ferris wheel which replaced it is a DW60 from Dutch Wheels, the Netherlands-based company that built the pier&#39;s former wheel. The state-of-the-art DW60 is the first of its kind in the USA with similar wheels currently in operation in Hong Kong and Baku, Azerbaijan. Significant features include two-sided cars that allow for easy loading and unloading, a fortified structure to withstand winds of 115 mph and safety glass capable of weathering intense storms. The new Ferris Wheel was unveiled on May 27, 2016.</p><br>
<p>Around April 2019, the pier’s original carousel that had operated since 1995 was dismantled and removed, after the original carousel’s mechanism broke due to cold weather in early 2019. Around late May into June, a new carousel was installed in the site of the original. This new carousel had previously operated at Dorney Park from 1986-2016 under the name Chance Carousel.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago Sun-Times has its headquarters in Navy Pier. WBEZ, affiliated with the newspaper, is the lessee of 45,000 ft&sup2; of space, which has radio and newspaper functions.</p><br>
<h2>Events and art</h2><br>
<p>Navy Pier hosts sightseeing tours from companies such as Seadog Ventures, cruises and Water Taxi service, and the tall ship "Windy". There are also dinner cruises by Entertainment Cruises on their ships the Spirit of Chicago, Odyssey II, and Mystic Blue. The pier has fireworks on Wednesday and Saturday nights during the summer and Saturday nights during the fall.</p><br>
<p>Navy Pier hosts the Fifth Third Bank Winter Wonderfest from December through January.</p><br>
<p>Many outdoor art installations are displayed on the pier. The anchor from the naval vessel USS Chicago (CA-136/CG-11) is on display at the far end. Other installations include a statue of actor Bob Newhart on a couch as seen on The Bob Newhart Show, the Captain on the Helm statue dedicated to maritime captains, and the Crack the Whip sculpture of eight children at play holding hands by J. Seward Johnson Jr.</p><br>
<p>The Festival Halls can be used for sporting events. Festival Halls A and B can be turned into a 170,000 square foot competition arena. Gymnastics meets have been held in the Festival Halls.</p><br>
<h2>Bus routes</h2><br>
<p>2 Hyde Park Express (weekday rush hours only)</p><br>
<p>29 State</p><br>
<p>65 Grand</p><br>
<p>66 Chicago</p><br>
<p>124 Navy Pier</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The halls were used to represent Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the 1986 movie The Color of Money for the 9-Ball Championship.</p><br>
<p>In both Raw Deal and Cooley High, the pier was used as a location for car chases.</p><br>
<p>The fourth season finale of T. J. Hooker, titled "The Chicago Connection", featured a scene in front of the then-abandoned pier.</p><br>
<p>In the film Divergent, the pier and Ferris wheel are shown abandoned and decayed in a future Chicago and it is stated that they were abandoned by choice a long time before. The Dauntless members play capture the flag in the park. Tris and Four climb the Ferris wheel to spot the opposing team. In the book, the opposing team hides the flag in a park near Navy Pier, while in the film version, the flag is hidden in a tower of the Chicago Children&#39;s Museum building.</p><br>
<p>In the video game NASCAR 09, the pier is featured as a fictional race track.</p><br>
<p>The album/DVD A Long Day&#39;s Night by Blue Öyster Cult was recorded live at Navy Pier/Skyline Stage on June 21, 2002.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ticonderoga, formerly Fort Carillon, is a large 18th-century star fort built by the French at a narrows near the south end of Lake Champlain in northern New York. It was constructed between October 1755 and 1757 by French-Canadian military engineer Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière during the action in the "North American theater" of the Seven Years&#39; War, known as the French and Indian War in America. The fort was of strategic importance during the 18th-century colonial conflicts between Great Britain and France, and again played an important role during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The site controlled a river portage alongside the mouth of the rapids-infested La Chute River, in the 3.5 mi between Lake Champlain and Lake George. It was strategically placed for the trade routes between the British-controlled Hudson River Valley and the French-controlled Saint Lawrence River Valley.</p><br>
<p>The terrain amplified the importance of the site. Both lakes were long and narrow and oriented north–south, as were the many ridge lines of the Appalachian Mountains which extend as far south as Georgia. The mountains created nearly impassable terrains to the east and west of the Great Appalachian Valley that the site commanded.</p><br>
<p>The name "Ticonderoga" comes from the Iroquois word tekontaró:ken, meaning "it is at the junction of two waterways".</p><br>
<p>During the 1758 Battle of Carillon, 4,000 French defenders were able to repel an attack by 16,000 British troops near the fort. In 1759, the British returned and drove a token French garrison from the fort. The British controlled the fort at the beginning of the Revolutionary War, but the Green Mountain Boys and other state militia under the command of Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured it on May 10, 1775. Henry Knox led a party to transport many of the fort&#39;s cannon to Boston to assist in the siege against the British, who evacuated the city in March 1776. The Americans held the fort until June 1777, when British forces under General John Burgoyne occupied high ground above it; the threat resulted in the Continental Army troops withdrawing from the fort and its surrounding defenses. The only direct attack on the fort during the Revolution took place in September 1777, when John Brown led 500 Americans in an unsuccessful attempt to capture it from about 100 British defenders.</p><br>
<p>The British abandoned the fort after the failure of the Saratoga campaign, and it ceased to be of military value after 1781. The United States allowed the fort to fall into ruin, and local residents stripped it of much of its usable materials. It was purchased by a private family in 1820 and became a stop on tourist routes of the area. Early in the 20th century, its private owners restored the fort. The Fort Ticonderoga Association now operates it as a tourist attraction, museum, and research center.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and early history</h2><br>
<p>Lake Champlain, which forms part of the border between New York and Vermont, and the Hudson River together formed an important travel route that was used by Native Americans long before the arrival of European colonists. The route was relatively free of obstacles to navigation, with only a few portages. One strategically important place on the route lies at a narrows near the southern end of Lake Champlain, where Ticonderoga Creek, known in colonial times as La Chute River, because it was named by French colonists, enters the lake, carrying water from Lake George. Although the site provides commanding views of the southern extent of Lake Champlain, Mount Defiance, at 853 ft, and two other hills (Mount Hope and Mount Independence) overlook the area.</p><br>
<p>Native Americans had occupied the area for centuries before French explorer Samuel de Champlain first arrived there in 1609. Champlain recounted that the Algonquins, with whom he was traveling, battled a group of Iroquois nearby. In 1642, French missionary Isaac Jogues was the first white man to traverse the portage at Ticonderoga while escaping a battle between the Iroquois and members of the Huron tribe.</p><br>
<p>The French, who had colonized the Saint Lawrence River valley to the north, and the English, who had taken over the Dutch settlements that became the Province of New York to the south, began contesting the area as early as 1691, when Pieter Schuyler built a small wooden fort at the Ticonderoga point on the western shore of the lake. These colonial conflicts reached their height in the French and Indian War, which began in 1754 as the North American front of the Seven Years&#39; War.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In 1755, following the Battle of Lake George, the French decided to construct a fort here. Marquis de Vaudreuil, the governor of the French Province of Canada, sent his cousin Michel Chartier de Lotbinière to design and construct a fortification at this militarily important site, which the French called Fort Carillon. The name "Carillon" has variously been attributed to the name of a former French officer, Philippe de Carrion du Fresnoy, who established a trading post at the site in the late 17th century, or (more commonly) to the sounds made by the rapids of La Chute River, which were said to resemble the chiming bells of a carillon.</p><br>
<p>The work in 1755 consisted primarily of beginning construction on the main walls and on the Lotbinière redoubt, an outwork to the west of the site that provided additional coverage of La Chute River. During the next year, the four main bastions were built, as well as a sawmill on La Chute. Work slowed in 1757, when many of the troops prepared for and participated in the attack on Fort William Henry. The barracks and demi-lunes were not completed until spring 1758.</p><br>
<h3>Walls and bastions</h3><br>
<p>The French built the fort to control the south end of Lake Champlain and prevent the British from gaining military access to the lake. Consequently, its most important defenses, the Reine and Germaine bastions, were directed to the northeast and northwest, away from the lake, with two demi-lunes further extending the works on the land side. The Joannes and Languedoc bastions overlooked the lake to the south, providing cover for the landing area outside the fort. The walls were 7 ft high and 14 ft thick, and the whole works was surrounded by a glacis and a dry moat 5 ft deep and 15 ft wide. When the walls were first erected in 1756, they were made of squared wooden timbers, with earth filling the gap. The French then began to dress the walls with stone from a quarry about one mile (1.6 km) away, although this work was never fully completed. When the main defenses became ready for use, the fort was armed with cannons hauled from Montreal and Fort St. Frédéric.</p><br>
<h3>Inside and outside</h3><br>
<p>The fort contained three barracks and four storehouses. One bastion held a bakery capable of producing 60 loaves of bread a day. A powder magazine was hacked out of the bedrock beneath the Joannes bastion. All the construction within the fort was of stone.</p><br>
<p>A wooden palisade protected an area outside the fort between the southern wall and the lake shore. This area contained the main landing for the fort and additional storage facilities and other works necessary for maintenance of the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Analysis</h2><br>
<p>By 1758, the fort was largely complete; the only ongoing work thereafter consisted of dressing the walls with stone. Still, General Montcalm and two of his military engineers surveyed the works in 1758 and found something to criticize in almost every aspect of the forts construction; the buildings were too tall and thus easier for attackers cannon fire to hit, the powder magazine leaked, and the masonry was of poor quality. The critics apparently failed to notice the forts significant strategic weakness: several nearby hills overlooked the fort and made it possible for besiegers to fire down on the defenders from above. Lotbinière, who may have won the job of building the fort only because he was related to Governor Vaudreuil, had lost a bid to become Canadas chief engineer to Nicolas Sarrebource de Pontleroy, one of the two surveying engineers, in 1756, all of which may explain the highly negative report. Lotbinière&#39;s career suffered for years afterwards.</p><br>
<p>William Nester, in his exhaustive analysis of the Battle of Carillon, notes additional problems with the forts construction. The fort was small for a Vauban-style fort, about 500 ft wide, with a barracks capable of holding only 400 soldiers. Storage space inside the fort was similarly limited, requiring the storage of provisions outside the forts walls in exposed places. Its cistern was small, and the water quality was supposedly poor.</p><br>
<h2>Military history</h2><br>
<h3>French and Indian War</h3><br>
<p>In August 1757, the French captured Fort William Henry in an action launched from Fort Carillon. This, and a string of other French victories in 1757, prompted the British to organize a large-scale attack on the fort as part of a multi-campaign strategy against French Canada. In June 1758, British General James Abercromby began amassing a large force at Fort William Henry in preparation for a military campaign directed up the Champlain Valley. These forces landed at the north end of Lake George, only four miles from the fort, on July 6. The French general Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, who had only arrived at Carillon in late June, engaged his troops in a flurry of work to improve the forts outer defenses. They built, over two days, entrenchments around a rise between the fort and Mount Hope, about three-quarters of a mile (one kilometer) northwest of the fort, and then constructed an abatis (felled trees with sharpened branches pointing out) below these entrenchments. They conducted the work unimpeded by military action, as Abercromby failed to advance directly to the fort on July 7. Abercrombys second-in-command, Brigadier General George Howe, had been killed when his column encountered a French reconnaissance troop. Abercromby "felt most heavily" and may have been unwilling to act immediately.</p><br>
<p>On July 8, 1758, Abercromby ordered a frontal attack against the hastily assembled French works. Abercromby tried to move rapidly against the few French defenders, opting to forgo field cannon and relying instead on the numerical superiority of his 16,000 troops. In the Battle of Carillon, the British were soundly defeated by the 4,000 French defenders. The battle took place far enough away from the fort that its guns were rarely used. The battle gave the fort a reputation for impregnability, which affected future military operations in the area, notably during the American Revolutionary War. However, the British did not attack again in 1758, so the French withdrew all but a small garrison of men for the winter in November.</p><br>
<p>The British under General Jeffery Amherst captured the fort the following year in the 1759 Battle of Ticonderoga. In this confrontation 11,000 British troops, using emplaced artillery, drove off the token garrison of 400 Frenchmen. The French, in withdrawing, used explosives to destroy what they could of the fort and spiked or dumped cannons that they did not take with them. Although the British worked in 1759 and 1760 to repair and improve the fort, it was not part of any further significant action in the war. After the war, the British garrisoned the fort with a small number of troops and allowed it to fall into disrepair. Colonel Frederick Haldimand, in command of the fort in 1773, wrote that it was in "ruinous condition".</p><br>
<h3>Early Revolutionary War</h3><br>
<p>In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga, in disrepair, was still manned by a token British force. They found it extremely useful as a supply and communication link between Canada (which they had taken over after their victory in the Seven Years War) and New York. On May 10, 1775, less than one month after the Revolutionary War was ignited with the battles of Lexington and Concord, the British garrison of 48 soldiers was surprised by a small force of Green Mountain Boys, along with militia volunteers from Massachusetts and Connecticut, led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. Allen claimed to have said, "Come out you old Rat!" to the forts commander, Captain William Delaplace. He also later said that he demanded that the British commander surrender the fort "In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!&quot however, his surrender demand was made to Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham and not the fort&#39;s commander, who did later appear and surrender his sword.</p><br>
<p>With the capture of the fort, the Patriot forces obtained a large supply of cannons and other armaments, much of which Henry Knox transported to Boston during the winter of 1775–1776. Ticonderoga&#39;s cannons were instrumental in ending the siege of Boston when they were used to fortify Dorchester Heights. With Dorchester Heights secured by the Patriots, the British were forced to evacuate the city in March 1776. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga by the Patriots made communication between the British Canadian and American commands much more difficult.</p><br>
<p>Benedict Arnold remained in control of the fort until 1,000 Connecticut troops under the command of Benjamin Hinman arrived in June 1775. Because of a series of political maneuvers and miscommunications, Arnold was never notified that Hinman was to take command. After a delegation from Massachusetts (which had issued Arnolds commission) arrived to clarify the matter, Arnold resigned his commission and departed, leaving the fort in Hinmans hands.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in July 1775, Ticonderoga was used as a staging area for the invasion of Quebec, planned to begin in September. Under the leadership of generals Philip Schuyler and Richard Montgomery, men and materiel for the invasion were accumulated there through July and August. On August 28, after receiving word that British forces at Fort Saint-Jean, not far from the New York–Quebec border, were nearing completion of boats to launch onto Lake Champlain, Montgomery launched the invasion, leading 1,200 troops down the lake. Ticonderoga continued to serve as a staging base for the action in Quebec until the battle and siege at Quebec City that resulted in Montgomery&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>In May 1776, British troops began to arrive at Quebec City, where they broke the Continental Army&#39;s siege. The British chased the American forces back to Ticonderoga in June and, after several months of shipbuilding, moved down Lake Champlain under Guy Carleton in October. The British destroyed a small fleet of American gunboats in the Battle of Valcour Island in mid-October, but snow was already falling, so the British retreated to winter quarters in Quebec. About 1,700 troops from the Continental Army, under the command of Colonel Anthony Wayne, wintered at Ticonderoga. The British offensive resumed the next year in the Saratoga campaign under General John Burgoyne.</p><br>
<h3>Saratoga campaign</h3><br>
<p>During the summer of 1776, the Americans, under the direction of General Schuyler, and later under General Horatio Gates, added substantial defensive works to the area. Mount Independence, which is almost completely surrounded by water, was fortified with trenches near the water, a horseshoe battery part way up the side, a citadel at the summit, and redoubts armed with cannons surrounding the summit area. These defenses were linked to Ticonderoga with a pontoon bridge that was protected by land batteries on both sides. The works on Mount Hope, the heights above the site of Montcalm&#39;s victory, were improved to include a star-shaped fort. Mount Defiance remained unfortified.</p><br>
<p>In March 1777, American generals were strategizing about possible British military movements and considered an attempt on the Hudson River corridor a likely possibility. General Schuyler, heading the forces stationed at Ticonderoga, requested 10,000 troops to guard Ticonderoga and 2,000 to guard the Mohawk River valley against British invasion from the north. George Washington, who had never been to Ticonderoga (his only visit was to be in 1783), believed that an overland attack from the north was unlikely, because of the alleged impregnability of Ticonderoga. This, combined with continuing incursions up the Hudson River valley by British forces occupying New York City, led Washington to believe that any attack on the Albany area would be from the south, which, as it was part of the supply line to Ticonderoga, would necessitate a withdrawal from the fort. As a result, no significant actions were taken to further fortify Ticonderoga or significantly increase its garrison. The garrison, about 2,000 men under General Arthur St. Clair, was too small to man all the defenses.</p><br>
<p>General Gates, who oversaw the northern defenses, was aware that Mount Defiance threatened the fort. As the garrison was too small to properly defend all the existing works in the area, Mount Defiance was left undefended. Anthony Wayne left Ticonderoga in April 1777 to join Washington&#39;s army; he reported to Washington that "all was well", and that the fort "can never be carried, without much loss of blood".</p><br>
<p>General Burgoyne led 7,800 British and Hessian forces south from Quebec in June 1777. After occupying nearby Fort Crown Point without opposition on June 30, he prepared to besiege Ticonderoga. Burgoyne realized the tactical advantage of the high ground, and had his troops haul cannons to the top of Mount Defiance. Faced with bombardment from the heights (although no shots had yet been fired), General St. Clair ordered Ticonderoga abandoned on July 5, 1777. Burgoynes troops moved in the next day, with advance guards pursuing the retreating Patriot Americans. Washington, on hearing of Burgoynes advance and the retreat from Ticonderoga, stated that the event was "not apprehended, nor within the compass of my reasoning". News of the abandonment of the "Impregnable Bastion" without a fight, caused "the greatest surprise and alarm" throughout the colonies. After public outcry over his actions, General St. Clair was court-martialed in 1778. He was cleared on all charges.</p><br>
<h3>One last attack</h3><br>
<p>Following the British capture of Ticonderoga, it and the surrounding defenses were garrisoned by 700 British and Hessian troops under the command of Brigadier General Henry Watson Powell. Most of these forces were on Mount Independence, with only 100 each at Fort Ticonderoga and a blockhouse they were constructing on top of Mount Defiance. George Washington sent General Benjamin Lincoln into Vermont to "divide and distract the enemy". Aware that the British were housing American prisoners in the area, Lincoln decided to test the British defenses. On September 13, he sent 500 men to Skenesboro, which they found the British had abandoned, and 500 each against the defenses on either side of the lake at Ticonderoga. Colonel John Brown led the troops on the west side, with instructions to release prisoners if possible, and attack the fort if it seemed feasible.</p><br>
<p>Early on September 18, Browns troops surprised a British contingent holding some prisoners near the Lake George landing, while a detachment of his troops sneaked up Mount Defiance, and captured most of the sleeping construction crew. Brown and his men then moved down the portage trail toward the fort, surprising more troops and releasing prisoners along the way. The forts occupants were unaware of the action until Browns men and British troops occupying the old French lines skirmished. At this point Browns men dragged two captured six-pound guns up to the lines, and began firing on the fort. The men who had captured Mount Defiance began firing a twelve-pounder from that site. The column that was to attack Mount Independence was delayed, and its numerous defenders were alerted to the action at the fort below before the attack on their position began. Their musket fire, as well as grapeshot fired from ships anchored nearby, intimidated the Americans sufficiently that they never launched an assault on the defensive positions on Mount Independence.</p><br>
<p>Brown eventually sent a truce party to the fort to open negotiations; the party was fired on, and three of its five members were killed. Brown, realizing that the weaponry they had was insufficient to take the fort, decided to withdraw. Destroying many bateaux and seizing a ship on Lake George, he set off to annoy British positions on that lake. His action resulted in the freeing of 118 Americans and the capture of 293 British troops, while suffering fewer than ten casualties.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>Following Burgoyne&#39;s defeat at Saratoga, the fort at Ticonderoga became increasingly irrelevant. The British abandoned it and nearby Fort Crown Point in November 1777, destroying both as best they could prior to their withdrawal. The fort was occasionally reoccupied by British raiding parties in the following years, but it no longer held a prominent strategic role in the war. It was finally abandoned by the British for good in 1781, following their surrender at Yorktown. In the years following the war, area residents stripped the fort of usable building materials, even melting some of the cannons down for their metal.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attraction</h2><br>
<p>In 1785, the fort&#39;s lands became the property of the state of New York. The state donated the property to Columbia and Union colleges in 1803. The colleges sold the property to William Ferris Pell in 1820.</p><br>
<p>Pell first used the property as a summer retreat. Completion of railroads and canals connecting the area to New York City brought tourists to the area, so he converted his summer house, known as The Pavilion, into a hotel to serve the tourist trade. In 1848, the Hudson River School artist Russell Smith painted Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga, depicting the condition of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Pell family, a politically important clan with influence throughout American history (from William C. C. Claiborne, the first Governor of Louisiana, to a Senator from Rhode Island, Claiborne Pell), hired English architect Alfred Bossom to restore the fort and formally opened it to the public in 1909 as an historic site. The ceremonies, which commemorated the 300th anniversary of the discovery of Lake Champlain by European explorers, were attended by President William Howard Taft. Stephen Hyatt Pell, who spearheaded the restoration effort, founded the Fort Ticonderoga Association in 1931, which is now responsible for the fort. Funding for the restoration also came from Robert M. Thompson, father of Stephen Pell&#39;s wife, Sarah Gibbs Thompson.</p><br>
<p>Between 1900 and 1950, the foundation acquired the historically important lands around the fort, including Mount Defiance, Mount Independence, and much of Mount Hope. The fort was rearmed with fourteen 24-pound cannons provided by the British government. These cannons had been cast in England for use during the American Revolution, but the war ended before they were shipped over.</p><br>
<p>Designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Department of Interior, the fort is now operated by the foundation as a tourist attraction, early American military museum, and research center. The fort opens annually around May 10, the anniversary of the 1775 capture, and closes in late October.</p><br>
<p>The fort has been on a watchlist of National Historic Landmarks since 1998, because of the poor condition of some of the walls and of the 19th-century pavilion constructed by William Ferris Pell. Also in 2008, the withdrawal of a major backers financial support forced the museum, which was facing significant budget deficits, to consider selling one of its major art works, Thomas Coles Gelyna, View near Ticonderoga. However, fundraising activities were successful enough to prevent the sale.</p><br>
<p>The not-for-profit Living History Education Foundation conducts teacher programs at Fort Ticonderoga during the summer that last approximately one week. The program trains teachers how to teach Living History techniques, and to understand and interpret the importance of Fort Ticonderoga during the French and Indian War and the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The fort conducts other seminars, symposia, and workshops throughout the year, including the annual War College of the Seven Years&#39; War in May and the Seminar on the American Revolution in September.</p><br>
<p>The Pell family estate is located north of the fort. In 1921, Sarah Pell undertook reconstruction of the gardens. She hired Marian Cruger Coffin, one of the most famous American landscape architects of the period. In 1995, the gardens were restored and later opened for public visiting; they are known as the King&#39;s Garden.</p><br>
<h2>Memorials</h2><br>
<p>The USA Navy has given the name Ticonderoga to five different vessels, as well as to entire classes of cruisers and aircraft carriers.</p><br>
<p>The fort was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. Included in the landmarked area are Mount Independence and Mount Defiance, as well as the fort. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>Manzanar is the site of one of ten American concentration camps, where more than 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated during World War II from March 1942 to November 1945. Although it had over 10,000 inmates at its peak, it was one of the smaller internment camps. It is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains in California&#39;s Owens Valley, between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, approximately 230 mi north of Los Angeles. Manzanar means "apple orchard" in Spanish. The Manzanar National Historic Site, which preserves and interprets the legacy of Japanese American incarceration in the United States, was identified by the United States National Park Service as the best-preserved of the ten former camp sites.</p><br>
<p>The first Japanese Americans arrived at Manzanar in March 1942, just one month after President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, to build the camp their families would be staying in. Manzanar was in operation as an internment camp from 1942 until 1945. Since the last of those incarcerated left in 1945, former detainees and others have worked to protect Manzanar and to establish it as a National Historic Site to ensure that the history of the site, along with the stories of those who were incarcerated there, is recorded for current and future generations. The primary focus is the Japanese American incarceration era, as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site. The site also interprets the former town of Manzanar, the ranch days, the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute, and the role that water played in shaping the history of the Owens Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Manzanar was first inhabited by Indigenous Americans nearly 10,000 years ago. who ranged across the Owens Valley from Long Valley on the north to Owens Lake on the south, and from the crest of the Sierra Nevada on the west to the Inyo Mountains on the east. When European American settlers first arrived in the Owens Valley in the mid-19th century, they found a number of large Paiute villages in the Manzanar area. John Shepherd, one of the first of the new settlers, homesteaded 160 acre of land 3 mi north of Georges Creek in 1864. With the help of Owens Valley Paiute field workers and laborers, he expanded his ranch to 2,000 acre.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, George Chaffey, an agricultural developer from Southern California, purchased Shepherds ranch and subdivided it, along with other adjacent ranches. He founded the town of Manzanar in 1910, along the main line of the Southern Pacific. By August 1911, the towns population was approaching 200. The company built an irrigation system over an area of 1,000 acre and planted about 20,000 fruit trees.</p><br>
<p>As early as March 1905, the City of Los Angeles began acquiring water rights in the Owens Valley. In 1913, it completed construction of its 233 mi Los Angeles Aqueduct, In dry years, Los Angeles pumped ground water and drained all surface water, diverting all of it into its aqueduct and leaving Owens Valley ranchers without water. Without water for irrigation, the holdout ranchers were forced off their ranches and out of their communities; that included the town of Manzanar, which was abandoned by 1929. Manzanar remained uninhabited until the United States Army leased 6,200 acre from the City of Los Angeles for the Manzanar War Relocation Center.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>After the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Government swiftly moved to begin solving the "Japanese Problem" on the West Coast of the United States. In the evening hours of that same day, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested selected "enemy aliens", including more than 5,500 Issei men. Many citizens in California were alarmed about potential activities by people of Japanese descent.</p><br>
<p>On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which authorized the Secretary of War to designate military commanders to prescribe military areas and to exclude "any or all persons" from such areas. The order also authorized the construction of what were later called "relocation centers" by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), to house those who were to be excluded. This order resulted in the forced relocation of more than 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were native-born American citizens; the rest had been prevented from becoming citizens by federal law. Over 110,000 were incarcerated in the ten concentration camps located far inland and away from the coast.</p><br>
<p>Manzanar was the first of the ten concentration camps to be established, and began accepting detainees in March 1942. Initially, it was a temporary "reception center", known as the Owens Valley Reception Center from March 21, 1942, to May 31, 1942. At that time, it was operated by the US Army&#39;s Wartime Civilian Control Administration (WCCA).</p><br>
<p>The first director of the camp was Calvin E. Triggs, a longtime veteran of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a signature program of the Second New Deal. Many of his fellow employees had worked in that agency. Manzanar, according to one insider, was "manned just about 100% by the WPA." Drawing on experiences derived from New Deal era road building, Triggs, funded primarily through the WPA, supervised the installation of such features as guard towers and spotlights.</p><br>
<p>The Owens Valley Reception Center was transferred to the WRA on June 1, 1942, and officially became the "Manzanar War Relocation Center". About 90 percent of the incarcerated were from the Los Angeles area,</p><br>
<h2>Camp conditions and facilities</h2><br>
<h3>Climate and location</h3><br>
<p>The Manzanar facility was located between Lone Pine and Independence. The temporary buildings were inadequate to shield people from the weather. The Owens Valley lies at an elevation of about 4,000 ft.</p><br>
<p>Summers on the desert floor of the Owens Valley are generally hot, with temperatures often exceeding 100 &deg;F. Winters bring occasional snowfall and daytime temperatures that often drop into the 40 &deg;F range. At night, temperatures are generally 30 to 40 °F (16.7 to 22.2 °C) lower than the daytime highs, and high winds are common day or night.</p><br>
<p>The area&#39;s mean annual precipitation is barely five inches (12.7 cm). The ever-present dust was a continual problem due to the frequent high winds; so much so that people usually woke up in the morning covered from head to toe with a fine layer of dust, and they constantly had to sweep dirt out of the barracks.</p><br>
<p>"In the summer, the heat was unbearable," said former Manzanar inmate Ralph Lazo. "In the winter, the sparsely rationed oil didn&#39;t adequately heat the tar paper-covered pine barracks with knotholes in the floor. The wind would blow so hard, it would toss rocks around."</p><br>
<h3>Camp layout and facilities</h3><br>
<p>The camp site was situated on 6,200 acre at Manzanar, leased from the City of Los Angeles, Eight guard towers equipped with machine guns were located at intervals around the perimeter fence, which was topped by barbed wire. The grid layout used in the camp was standard, and a similar layout was used in all of the relocation centers.</p><br>
<p>The residential area was about one square mile (2.6 km), and consisted of 36 blocks of hastily constructed, 20 ft by 100 ft tarpaper barracks, with each family (up to eight people) living in a single 20 ft by 25 ft "apartment" in the barracks.</p><br>
<p>Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, a Manzanar survivor, described the living conditions in her book: "After dinner we were taken to Block 16, a cluster of fifteen barracks that had just been finished a day or so earlier—although finished was hardly a word for it. The shacks were built of pine planking covered with tarpaper. They sat on concrete footings, with about two feet of open space between the floorboards and the ground. Gaps showed between the planks, and as the weeks passed and the green wood dried out, the gaps widened. Knotholes gaped in the uncovered floor." In the book, she goes on to explain the size and layout of the barracks. They were divided into six units that were sixteen long by twenty feet wide, and a single light bulb hung from the ceiling. They had an oil stove for heat as well as two army blankets each, some mattress covers and steel army cots.</p><br>
<p>These apartments consisted of partitions with no ceilings, eliminating any chance of privacy. Lack of privacy was a major problem, especially since the camp had communal mens and womens latrines. Former Manzanar inmate Rosie Kakuuchi said that the communal facilities were "ne of the hardest things to endure", adding that neither the latrines nor showers had partitions or stalls.</p><br>
<p>Each residential block also had a communal mess hall (large enough to serve 300 people at one time), a laundry room, a recreation hall, an ironing room, and a heating oil storage tank, although Block 33 lacked a recreation hall. In addition to the residential blocks, Manzanar had 34 blocks that had staff housing, camp administration offices, two warehouses, a garage, a camp hospital, and 24 firebreaks.</p><br>
<p>The camp had school facilities, a high-school auditorium (that was also used as a theatre), staff housing, chicken and hog farms, churches, a cemetery, a post office, a hospital, an orphanage, two community latrines, an outdoor theater, and other necessary amenities that one would expect to find in most American cities. Some of the facilities were not built until after the camp had been operating for a while. The camp perimeter had eight watchtowers manned by armed military police, and it was enclosed by five-strand barbed wire. There were sentry posts at the main entrance. Many of the camp administration staff lived inside the fence at the camp, though the military police lived outside the fence.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial facilities</h3><br>
<p>Typical businesses such as a cooperative store and other shops and a camp newspaper were operated by the internees. A camouflage net factory, to provide the nets to various military units, was operated on the site. An experimental plantation for producing natural rubber from the Guayule plant was built and operated.</p><br>
<p>Before a hospital was built, doctors in the camp faced many difficulties, including treating internees for diseases such as measles, chickenpox, whooping cough, and diarrhea. Treatment facilities were often the barracks, which did not include running water or heating. Once the Manzanar Hospital was built, it included a kitchen, operating rooms, treatment wards, laboratories, and other facilities. All medical treatment in Manzanar was provided at no charge.</p><br>
<p>Manzanar Childrens Village, an orphanage housing 101 Japanese-American orphans from June 1942 to September 1945, operated within the camp. Children incarcerated there were from multiple orphanages in the Los Angeles area as well as locations in Washington, Oregon, and Alaska. Infants born to unmarried mothers in other WRA camps were also sent to Childrens Village over the next three years.</p><br>
<p>The 61 remaining children in Maryknoll, Shonien and the Salvation Army Home were slated for removal. On June 23, 1942, they were bused, under armed guard, with several adult caretakers, from Los Angeles to Manzanar. Over the next few months, approximately thirty more children from Washington, Oregon and Alaska, mostly orphans who had been living with non-Japanese foster families, would arrive in Manzanar.</p><br>
<h2>Life in camp</h2><br>
<p>After being uprooted from their homes and communities, the incarcerated people had to endure primitive, sub-standard conditions Each camp was intended to be self-sufficient, and Manzanar was no exception. beauty salons and barber shops, shoe repair, libraries, and more. In addition, there were some who raised chickens, hogs, and vegetables, and cultivated the existing orchards for fruit. During the time Manzanar was in operation, 188 weddings were held, 541 children were born in the camp, and between 135 and 146 individuals died.</p><br>
<p>Life in the camp became more difficult as sickness spread throughout it. The housing sector of the camp was just 500 acres and held more than ten thousand prisoners at its peak. The compactness of the camp led many people to fall ill even though they were given vaccines upon arrival to the camp. The water at Manzanar was unclean, and caused many inmates to suffer from dysentery.</p><br>
<p>Some of those interned at the camp supported the policies implemented by the War Relocation Authority, causing them to be targeted by others in the camp.</p><br>
<h3>Food</h3><br>
<p>The barracks at Manzanar had no cooking areas, and all meals were served at block mess halls. The mess hall lines were long and stretched outside regardless of weather. The cafeteria-style eating was named by the 1980s Congressional Committee on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) as a cause of the deterioration of the family due to children wanting to eat with their friends instead of their families, and families not always being able to eat together. There was a strict meal schedule, with one young detainee noting "We eat from 7:00 AM to 8:00 AM o&#39;clock in the morning 12:00 PM-1:00 PM in afternoon and 5:00 PM-6:00 in night and on Sunday we eat 8:00 AM-9:00." Food at Manzanar was based on military requirements. Meals usually consisted of hot rice and vegetables, since meat was scarce due to rationing.</p><br>
<p>In 1944, a chicken ranch and a hog farm began operation, providing the camp with meat.</p><br>
<p>The food varied in quality, but was mostly substandard compared to the food the internees ate prior to incarceration. Togo Tanaka described how people "got sick from eating ill-prepared food." Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga described trying to take care of her newborn daughter, saying that the child was so sick that, while "ost infants double their weight, birth weight, at six months", her daughter "had not doubled her weight in a year".</p><br>
<p>The food in Manzanar was heavily starchy and low quality, including Vienna sausages, canned string beans, hot dogs, and apple sauce. Frank Kikuchi, an internee at Manzanar, stated that some of the newspapers lied to the American public by telling them that the "Japs are getting steaks, chops, eggs, or eating high off the hog." Camp, school, and individual gardens eventually helped supplement the menu in the mess halls. Internees also snuck out of the camp to go fishing, often bringing back their catches to the camp.</p><br>
<p>Harry Ueno accused camp administrators and leaders in the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) of stealing food meant for the internees and then selling it on the black market. During the December 1942 camp riot, Ueno was arrested for allegedly beating another internee who was a member of the JACL.</p><br>
<h3>Employment</h3><br>
<p>Most of the adults were employed at Manzanar to keep the camp running. Jobs included clothing and furniture manufacturing, farming and tending orchards, military manufacturing such as camouflage netting and experimental rubber, teaching, civil service jobs such as police, fire fighters, and nursing, and general service jobs operating stores, beauty parlors, and a bank.</p><br>
<p>A farm and orchards provided vegetables and fruits for use by the camp,</p><br>
<p>Shortly after being interned, Togo Tanaka and Joe Masaoka were hired by anthropologist Robert Redfield as documentary historians for the camp. In addition to his work at the Manzanar Free Press, he filed hundreds of reports to the WRA that often criticized those in charge at the camp and the living conditions in the camp.</p><br>
<p>Unskilled workers earned US$8 per month ($ per month as of ), semi-skilled workers earned $12 per month ($ per month as of ), skilled workers made $16 per month ($ per month as of ), and professionals earned $19 per month ($ per month as of ). In addition, everybody received $3.60 per month ($ per month as of ) as a clothing allowance.</p><br>
<h3>Manzanar Free Press</h3><br>
<p>The Manzanar Free Press was first published April 11, 1942, and was published through the October 19, 1945, issue. It was published with both Japanese and English sections, with the Japanese section added on July 14, 1942.</p><br>
<p>The paper was originally published as four pages biweekly which were hand-typed and mimeographed. The circulation increased as the number of people in the camp grew, the release increased to three issues weekly, and a printing press was acquired, allowing the paper to be typeset beginning on July 22, 1942. The page count also increased to six.</p><br>
<p>Journalists who reported for the newspaper include Togo Tanaka, who was the English section editor of the Rafu Shimpo before being incarcerated. Beginning on July 22, 1942, Chiye Mori, poet and journalist, was listed as an editor.</p><br>
<p>Despite the name of the newspaper, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) controlled the content of the paper and used it to publish announcements from the camp administration, news from other camps, orders, rules and guidelines from the WRA, and upcoming camp events, in addition to the regular content. Some content was not allowed to be published. The standard content included articles about life in the camps, sports scores and coverage, coverage of the war, and so on.</p><br>
<h3>Recreation</h3><br>
<p>People made life at Manzanar more tolerable through recreation. They participated in sports, including baseball, football, basketball, soccer, volleyball, softball, and martial arts. Lou Frizzell served as the musical director, and under his mentorship Mary Nomura became known as the "songbird of Manzanar" for her performances at dances and other camp events. Theatre performances—for internees, camp administration and WRA staff, and even for some members of the surrounding communities—included original productions by internees as well as traditional Japanese works of kabuki and noh.</p><br>
<p>Internees, many of whom were relocated from their landscaping businesses in the Los Angeles area, personalized and beautified their barren surroundings by building elaborate gardens and parks, which often included pools, waterfalls, and rock ornaments. Competitions were often held between landscapers as they created gardens in the public spaces of the camp (such as between barracks). The camp administration even allowed some gardens to be created outside the camp. These helped create a sense of community and gave the internees a place to heal. Remnants of some of the gardens, pools, and rock ornaments are still present at Manzanar, and there are plans to restore at least some of them.</p><br>
<p>One of the most popular pastimes for those incarcerated at Manzanar was baseball. The men there formed almost 100 baseball teams, and the women formed 14. Regular seasons were established, teams were divided into leagues, and championship games were held. The teams included both professional and amateur players. Some of the players viewed playing baseball as a way to prove their loyalty to America, treating it like wearing an American flag. Photographer Ansel Adams took his photo (right) as part of his effort to show how those incarcerated at Manzanar "overcome sense of defeat and despair."</p><br>
<p>Many Japanese cultural celebrations were continued, though the official photos allowed out by the WRA rarely showed them. The New Year tradition of mochitsuki—pounding glutinous rice into mochi—was regularly covered by the camp newspaper. Craftsman in the camp carved geta for many of the residents, though the official photography only pointed out that they were useful for keeping above the dusty ground.</p><br>
<h3>Manzanar Riot</h3><br>
<p>Although most quietly accepted their fate during World War II, there was some resistance in the camps. Poston, Heart Mountain, Topaz, and Tule Lake each had civil disturbances about wage differences, black marketing of sugar, food shortages, intergenerational friction, rumors of "informers" reporting to the camp administration or the FBI, and other issues. The most serious incident occurred at Manzanar on December 5–6, 1942 (with some of the actions on both sides carrying over into the following days),</p><br>
<p>Some of the tension that precipitated the riot was related to work availability and the pay of those jobs, with Nisei and members of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) getting preferential treatment. After several months of tension between those who supported the JACL and a group of Kibei (Japanese Americans educated in Japan), rumors spread that sugar and meat shortages were the result of black marketing by camp administrators. To make matters worse, JACL leader Fred Tayama was beaten by six masked men on the evening of December 5. Harry Ueno, the leader of the Kitchen Workers Union, and two others suspected of involvement, were arrested. The other two suspects were questioned and released, but Ueno was removed from Manzanar.</p><br>
<p>About 200 internees met on the morning of December 6 in the gardens at the Block 22 mess hall to discuss what they should do, and another meeting was scheduled for a few hours later. Between two and four thousand people gathered at the meeting where they listened to speeches and chose five people to present their grievances to the camp director. The crowd decided to follow the five representatives, which caused the camp director to tell the military police to muster in order to be available to control the crowd. The five representatives demanded that Ueno be released, but the camp director did not immediately agree.</p><br>
<p>After the crowd began getting more unruly, the director finally agreed to release Ueno if the crowd agreed he should still stand trial, no one attempted to break him out of the camp jail, the five representatives would discuss any further wants with the director, the protesting crowds would disperse and not reassemble, and the five would work to dispel and quiet the protesters. Ueno was then returned to the camp jail in the early evening.</p><br>
<p>When the five representatives went to verify that Ueno was in the jail, the crowd again returned to protest. Instead of dispersing as asked, they broke into groups to try to find Tayama and kill him. When they were unable to find him in the hospital, they began searching all through the camp for Tayama as well as Tokie Slocum and Togo Tanaka, two other suspected collaborators. When they were unable to find any of them, the searchers began returning toward the jail.</p><br>
<p>While the smaller search parties were searching the camp, the camp director had been trying to negotiate with the five representatives. This appeared to work initially, but the crowd gradually became more angry and started throwing bottles and rocks at the soldiers. The military police responded with tear gas to disperse them. At that moment, the military police fired into the crowd, killing a 17-year-old boy instantly. A 21-year-old man who was shot in the abdomen died a few days later. At least nine to ten other prisoners were wounded, and a military police corporal was wounded by a ricocheting bullet.</p><br>
<p>That night, some inmates continued attacking suspected collaborators and meeting in small groups while avoiding military police patrols. Over the next several days, internees marked as suspected collaborators were quietly removed from the camp with their families in order to protect them from being beaten or killed by the protesters.</p><br>
<h3>100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd regimental Combat Team</h3><br>
<p>The vanguard of Japanese American (JA) combat units was the legendary 100th Infantry Battalion (Separate) made up of soldiers in the Hawaii National Guard that was formed in June 1942. The training record of the 100th Battalion at Camp McCoy WI from June to December 1942 convinced the War Department to authorize the formation of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) on February 1, 1943. On August 21, 1943, the 100th Battalion was deployed to Oran in North Africa. This unit became the War Department&#39;s test on whether JA soldiers could be trusted in combat when it landed in Italy in September 1943 as part of the 34th Infantry Division. The unparalleled bravery of the 100th Battalion in the first weeks of combat forever answered this question of trust, paving the way for the 442nd RCT to join them in June 1944.</p><br>
<p>Because of the 100th Battalion&#39;s sterling training record and the Varsity Victory Volunteers, a group of University of Hawaii ROTC students who received positive publicity for their volunteer civilian labor for the USA Army, along with many organizations and leaders in Hawaii and on the mainland lobbying the government to allow Japanese Americans to serve in the armed forces, President Roosevelt authorized the formation of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) on Feb. 1, 1943. When the announcement about the new unit was made, 10,000 young men in Hawaii signed up from which 2,686 were selected, and along with 1,182 from the mainland, they were sent to Camp Shelby in Mississippi for basic training in April 1943. Along with the cadre of those already in the Army, roughly 2/3 of the 442nd RCT were from Hawaii and 1/3 from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>Of the nearly 160,000 people of Japanese descent living in Hawaii in 1940, fewer than 2,000 were incarcerated compared to the mass incarceration of those on the West Coast; thus, less than 2% of the soldiers from the islands had families in the camps.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The WRA closed Manzanar when the final internee left at 11:00 a.m. on November 21, 1945. It was the sixth camp to be closed. The WRA gave each person $25 ($ today), one-way train or bus fare, and meals to those who had less than $600 ($ today).</p><br>
<p>While many left the camp voluntarily, a significant number refused to leave because they had no place to go after having lost everything when they were forcibly uprooted and removed from their homes. As such, they had to be forcibly removed once again, this time from Manzanar. Indeed, those who refused to leave were generally removed from their barracks, sometimes by force, even if they had no place to go.</p><br>
<p>Between 135 and 146 Japanese Americans died at Manzanar. Fifteen were buried there, but only five graves remain, as most were reburied elsewhere by their families. The Manzanar cemetery site is marked by a monument that was built by stonemason Ryozo Kado in 1943. An inscription in Japanese on the front (east side) of the monument reads 慰霊塔 (Soul Consoling Tower: ireitō=Mandarin: wèi-líng-tǎ consoling-soul monument ). The inscription on the back (west side) reads "Erected by the Manzanar Japanese" on the left-hand column, and "August 1943" on the right-hand column.</p><br>
<p>After the camp was closed, the site eventually returned to its original state. Within a couple of years, all the structures had been removed, with the exception of the two sentry posts at the entrance, the cemetery monument, and the former Manzanar High School auditorium, which was purchased by the County of Inyo. The County leased the auditorium to the Independence Veterans of Foreign Wars, who used it as a meeting facility and community theater until 1951. After that, the building was used as a maintenance facility by the Inyo County Road Department.</p><br>
<p>The site also retained numerous building foundations, portions of the water and sewer systems, the outline of the road grid, some landscaping, and much more.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and remembrance</h2><br>
<p>During the war, the War Relocation Authority hired photographers Ansel Adams and Dorothea Lange to document through pictures the Japanese-Americans impacted by the forced relocation, including Manzanar. Togo Tanaka and Joe Masaoka were hired by anthropologist Robert Redfield as documentary historians for the camp on behalf of the WRA.</p><br>
<h3>Manzanar Pilgrimage</h3><br>
<p>On December 21, 1969, about 150 people departed Los Angeles by car and bus, headed for Manzanar. It was the first official annual Manzanar Pilgrimage, though two ministers—the Reverend Sentoku Mayeda and the Reverend Shoichi Wakahiro—had been making annual pilgrimages to Manzanar since the camp closed in 1945.</p><br>
<p>The non-profit Manzanar Committee, formerly led by Sue Kunitomi Embrey, has sponsored the Pilgrimage since 1969. The event is held annually on the last Saturday of April</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Manzanar At Dusk program became a part of the Pilgrimage. The program attracts local area residents, as well as descendants of Manzanar&#39;s ranch days and the town of Manzanar. Through small-group discussions, the event gives participants the opportunity to hear directly from those who had been there and to talk about the relevance of what had happened at Manzanar to their own lives.</p><br>
<p>Since the September 11 attacks, American Muslims have participated in the Pilgrimage to promote and increase awareness of civil rights protections in the wake of widespread suspicions harbored against them post-9/11. A group of 150 Muslims visited in 2017, in part to compare treatment of Japanese-Americans during World War II with how Muslims are treated following the 9/11 attacks. Over 2,000 people visited the site on April 27, 2019, for the 50th anniversary of the first pilgrimage, including a number of Muslim speakers, and a group of Muslims held afternoon prayers at the monument.</p><br>
<h3>Designations</h3><br>
<p>The Manzanar Committee&#39;s efforts resulted in the State of California naming Manzanar as California Historical Landmark #850 in 1972, with an historical marker being placed at the sentry post on April 14, 1973. Manzanar, which had been historically owned by the City of Los Angeles, was registered as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Manzanar Committee also spearheaded efforts for Manzanar to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and in February 1985, Manzanar was designated a National Historic Landmark. Embrey and the committee, along with California representative Mel Levine, led the effort to have Manzanar designated a National Historic Site, and on March 3, 1992, President George H. W. Bush signed House Resolution 543 into law. This act of Congress established the Manzanar National Historic Site "to provide for the protection and interpretation of the historical, cultural, and natural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II." Five years later, the National Park Service acquired 814 acre of land at Manzanar from the City of Los Angeles. It was the first of the camps to be designated as a National Historical Site.</p><br>
<p>After Congress named Manzanar a National Historic Site and gave the National Park Service the job of restoring the site in 1992, protests against its creation emerged. Letters were sent to the National Park Service included statements that Manzanar should be portrayed as a guest housing center, with others stating that calling the site a concentration camp is "treason", threatening dismissal campaigns against National Park Service employees and other related individuals, threatening to destroy buildings, and objecting to the use of the phrase "concentration camp" on signage at the site. The California State historical marker was hacked and stained, with the first "C" of "concentration camp" ground off. A man describing himself as a World War II veteran stated that he had driven 200 miles to urinate on the marker.</p><br>
<h2>Monument facilities and setting</h2><br>
<p>The site features a visitor center with a gift shop, housed in the historically restored Manzanar High School Auditorium with a reconstructed stage proscenium.</p><br>
<p>An "interpretive center" helps visitors gain an understanding of some of the internees&#39; experiences. The exhibits in the center are constructed with materials that would have been used—or are similar to those used—when the camp was in operation. Details of camp experiences are from all ten of the relocation centers. A driving tour with 27 points of interest takes visitors around the site.</p><br>
<p>A mess hall, salvaged from a closing military facility, was added to the site in 2002. The replica guard tower was built in 2005. The Manzanar cemetery, where some of the internees who died at the camp were buried, also contains the memorial obelisk, which was built by masons in the camp in August 1943. All of the remains have been removed to other locations.</p><br>
<p>The site features restored sentry posts at the camp entrance, a replica of a camp guard tower built in 2005, a self-guided tour road, and wayside exhibits. Staff offer guided tours and other educational programs, including a Junior Ranger educational program for children between four and fifteen years of age.</p><br>
<h3>Reconstruction</h3><br>
<p>Under most circumstances, the National Park Service discourages the reconstruction of structures and artifacts that are no longer extant, but allows for exceptions when "there is no alternative that would accomplish the park&#39;s interpretive mission, there is sufficient data to enable an accurate reconstruction," and "the reconstruction occurs on the original location." On the basis that these criteria were met, and after extensive discussion with the Japanese-American community, the NPS decided to proceed with a reconstruction of some elements of the original site alongside preservation of those remnants that survive.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service is reconstructing one of the 36 residential blocks as a demonstration block (Block 14, adjacent to and west of the Visitor Center). One barrack appears as it would have when Japanese Americans first arrived at Manzanar in 1942, while another has been reconstructed to represent barracks life in 1945. Exhibits in these barracks opened on April 16, 2015. A restored World War II mess hall, moved to the site from Bishop Airport in 2002, was opened to visitors in late 2010. The Manzanar National Historic Site also unveiled its virtual museum on May 17, 2010.</p><br>
<p>National Park Service staff have continued to uncover artifacts from throughout Manzanars history, the result of archaeological digs that have also excavated several of the gardens designed and built there, including the noted Merritt Park (also known as Pleasure Park). In progress is a classroom exhibit that will be housed in the Block 9 barracks and an historic replica of the Block 9 womens latrine (opened in October 2016, but with no interpretive exhibit materials at this time).</p><br>
<h2>Reception of and discussion regarding Manzanar</h2><br>
<p>The Manzanar site had 1,275,195 people visit from 2000 through December 2016. The National Park Service&#39;s interpretation of events and experiences has been described as both " to memorialize a shameful, unconstitutional policy" and "providing a shortcut around the unjust suffering and often insurmountable adversity imposed by the internment". Congressman Mel Levine said the site should "serve as a reminder of the grievous errors and inhumane policies we pursued domestically during World War II and a reminder that we must never again allow such actions to occur in this country."</p><br>
<p>Academics have criticized those who initiated and implemented the WRA relocation policy and members of the JACL for supporting the WRA policies. They have also pointed out that the majority of accounts of the relocation published within the first few decades following the closure of the camps have been from the perspective of the WRA and the JACL.</p><br>
<h3>Terminology</h3><br>
<p>Since the end of World War II, there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Manzanar and the other camps in which Americans of Japanese ancestry and their immigrant parents were incarcerated by the United States Government during the war. Manzanar has been referred to as a "War Relocation Authority center", "internment camp",</p><br>
<p>Prior to the opening of an exhibit about the American camps at Ellis Island, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the National Park Service, which manages Ellis Island, expressed concern regarding the use of the term "concentration camp" in the exhibit. At a meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City, leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term, and the Japanese American National Museum and the AJC issued a joint statement:</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<h3>Films and television</h3><br>
<p>A made-for-television movie, Farewell to Manzanar aired on NBC in 1976. In 2011, the Japanese American National Museum (JANM) announced that they had negotiated the rights to the movie, and that they would make it available for purchase on DVD.</p><br>
<p>The 1990 feature film Come See the Paradise detailed the forced removal and incarceration at Manzanar of a Japanese American family from Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>In the 1984 film The Karate Kid, Mr. Miyagi opens up to his student Daniel about the dual loss of his wife and son in childbirth at the Manzanar internment camp; the actor who played Mr. Miyagi, Pat Morita, was interned for two years at Manzanar with his parents.</p><br>
<p>The short film, A Song for Manzanar, depicts the true story of a detainee and her struggle to remain hopeful for her son and stay in contact with her family in Hiroshima.</p><br>
<p>In "Baku", the 2018 season three episode of The Man in the High Castle TV series, Frank Frink is executed for his resistance against the Japanese occupation by Kenpeitai inspector Kido.</p><br>
<h3>Music</h3><br>
<p>Folk/country musician Tom Russell wrote "Manzanar", a song about the Japanese American incarceration, that was released on his album Box of Visions (1993). Laurie Lewis covered the song on her album Seeing Things (1998), adding the koto to her performance. The Asian American jazz fusion band Hiroshima has a song entitled "Manzanar", inspired by the incarceration, on its album The Bridge (2003). Hiroshimas song "Living in America", on its album titled East (1990), contains the phrase "I still remember Manzanar". Fort Minors song "Kenji", from the album The Rising Tied (2005), tells the true story of Mike Shinoda&#39;s family including their experiences during their imprisonment at Manzanar. The band Channel 3 recorded a song titled "Manzanar" about the incarceration.</p><br>
<p>American composer Steve Heitzeg&#39;s work "Green Hope After Black Rain (Symphony for the Survivors of Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the Manzanar Concentration Camp)" is a memorial to the victims of the 1945 atomic bombings of the two Japanese cities as well as the Manzanar camp. It includes percussion elements made from Hiroshima and Nagasaki trees as well as stones from Manzanar. It was premiered in 2022 by the Saint Paul Civic Symphony in Minnesota.</p><br>
<h3>Literature</h3><br>
<p>The 1994 novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson contains scenes and details relating to Japanese Americans from the state of Washington and their incarceration experiences at Manzanar. A 1999 film of the same name was based on the book.</p><br>
<p>Fort Montgomery was a fortification built on the west bank of the Hudson River in Highlands, New York by the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Erected in 1776, Fort Montgomery was one of the first major investments by the Americans in strategic construction projects.</p><br>
<p>Declared a National Historic Landmark, it is part of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area, owned and operated by the state of New York as the Fort Montgomery State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The strategic importance of the ability to control navigation along the Hudson River was obvious to both the Americans and the British from the outbreak of open hostilities. The Hudson was the major means for transportation of supplies and troops throughout a large portion of the northeast. The fort was constructed at a site noted as early as the seventeenth century for its strategic advantage in controlling navigation along the river.</p><br>
<p>A month after the first open armed conflict in Lexington, the Continental Congress resolved on May 25, 1775 to build fortifications in the Hudson highlands for the purpose of preventing the British from gaining control of the river and dividing the colonies. It noted that "…a post be also taken in the Highlands on each side of Hudson’s River and batteries erected in such a manner as will most effectually prevent any vessels passing that may be sent to harass the inhabitants on the borders of said river…"</p><br>
<h2>Fort Constitution</h2><br>
<p>James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, both lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. The initial site chosen was further to the north, on Martlaers Island, across from West Point. Plans for the fort called for four bastions. Construction of the fortifications began in the summer of 1775. By November it had 70 cannons. However, difficulties in construction and management of the original plan of fortifications, together with escalating costs, led to abandonment of that project. The site on the north side of Popolopen Creek across from Anthonys Nose was proposed, and in January 1776, the materials and resources from Fort Constitution were redirected to the construction at the new site. Construction began on the new Fort Montgomery in March 1776.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Montgomery</h2><br>
<p>Fort Montgomery was located at the confluence of Popolopen Creek with the Hudson River near Bear Mountain in Orange County, New York. The fortifications included a river battery of six 32-pound cannons, a cable chain supported by a boom across the Hudson River (see Hudson River Chain), and landward redoubts connected by ramparts, all situated on a cliff promontory rising 100 feet (30 m) above the river. The fort was commanded by General George Clinton, also the newly appointed Patriot governor of the State. Fort Montgomery and its companion fortification, the smaller Fort Clinton, on the southern bank of the Popolopen, held a combined garrison of roughly 700 Colonial soldiers. These men were from the 5th NY Regiment, Lamb&#39;s Artillery, Orange County Militia, and Ulster County Militia.</p><br>
<p>The strategic importance of the opposite bank of Popolopen Creek was quickly realized, as it was an elevated cliff terrace with a full view of the Fort Montgomery site and could not be left undefended. These two forts and their associated cannon batteries effectively controlled this stretch of the Hudson River. The Army also conceived a major engineering project to effectively blockade any naval traffic headed north on the river. In 1776 a chain and boom were built across the river to provide a physical barrier to ships, in addition to the combined firepower of the fortifications, which could be massed against ships.</p><br>
<p>In July 1776, the New York convention appointed a committee, including John Jay, Robert Livingston, George Clinton and Robert Yates, to "devise and carry into execution" measures for "obstructing the channel of Hudson&#39;s river, or annoying the navigation of the said River." Worried about lack of arms, the committee worked to buy more cannons.</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Fort Montgomery</h2><br>
<p>On October 6, 1777, a combined force of roughly 2,100 Loyalists, Hessians, and British regulars led by Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton attacked forts Montgomery and Clinton from the landward side (where the defenses were only partially completed). They had support from cannon fire from British ships on the Hudson River that had passed through the chevaux de frise on the lower river. The land columns attacking from west of the fort consisted of the New York Volunteers, the Loyal American Regiment, Emmerich&#39;s Chasseurs, the 57th and the 52nd Regiments of Foot. By the end of the day, both forts had fallen to the British, who burned the forts and tore down the stonework buildings.</p><br>
<p>The battle was strategically barren for the British, however. Their campaign against the forts caused delays in reinforcing General John Burgoyne at Saratoga. Americans gained the upper hand at the Battle of Bemis Heights and forced the surrender of Burgoyne ten days later at the Battle of Saratoga, when the reinforcements were still far to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. A system of trails and interpretive signs guides visitors through the ruins of the fort.</p><br>
<p>Designed by the architect Salvatore Cuciti, the 5,700 ft&sup2; Visitor Center opened in October 2006. The timber frame building is oriented to provide visitors with a "gun sight" view down the Hudson. Operated as a state museum, it contains artifacts from the site, mannequins representing military units and a detailed model of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois and Michigan Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. In Illinois, it ran 96 mi from the Chicago River in Bridgeport, Chicago to the Illinois River at LaSalle-Peru. The canal crossed the Chicago Portage, and helped establish Chicago as the transportation hub of the United States, before the railroad era. It was opened in 1848. Its function was partially replaced by the wider and deeper Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900, and it ceased transportation operations with the completion of the Illinois Waterway in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Illinois and Michigan Canal Locks and Towpath, a collection of eight engineering structures and segments of the canal between Lockport and LaSalle-Peru, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the canal have been filled in. Much of the former canal, near the Heritage Corridor transit line, has been preserved as part of the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>In the 19th century, canals were an important mode of transportation. The Illinois and Michigan Canal connected the Mississippi Basin to the Great Lakes Basin. The potential canal route influenced Illinois&#39;s north border. The Erie Canal and the Illinois and Michigan Canal cemented cultural and trade ties to the Northeast rather than the South. Before the canal, agriculture in the region was limited to subsistence farming. The canal made agriculture in northern Illinois profitable by opening connections to eastern markets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Conception</h3><br>
<p>The first known Europeans to travel the area, Father Marquette and Louis Joliet, went through the Chicago Portage on their return trip. Joliet remarked that with a canal they could remove the need to portage and the French could create an empire spanning the continent.</p><br>
<p>The first quantitative survey of the portage was performed in 1816 by Stephen H. Long. It was on the basis of these measurements that he was able to make a specific proposal for a canal.</p><br>
<p>With several slave states recently admitted to the Union, Nathaniel Pope and Ninian Edwards saw the opportunity to make Illinois a state. They proposed moving the border northward from the southern tip of Lake Michigan to allow the canal to be within a single state. They believed that the canal would firmly align Illinois with the free states and so Congress granted them statehood even though Illinois did not meet the population requirements.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In 1824, Samuel D. Lockwood, one of the first commissioners of the canal, was given the authorization to hire contractors to survey a route for the canal to follow.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the canal began in 1836, although it was stopped for several years due to an Illinois state financial crisis related to the Panic of 1837. The Canal Commission had a grant of 284,000 acre of federal land which it sold at 1.25 $/acre to finance the construction. Still, money had to be borrowed from Eastern United States and British investors to finish the canal.</p><br>
<p>Most of the canal work was done by Irish immigrants who previously worked on the Erie Canal. The work was considered dangerous and many workers died, although no official records exist to indicate how many. The Irish immigrants who toiled to build the canal were often derided as a sub-class and were treated very poorly by other citizens of the city.</p><br>
<p>The canal was finished in 1848 at a total cost of $6,170,226. Chicago Mayor James Hutchinson Woodworth presided over the opening ceremony. Pumps were used to draw water to fill the canal near Chicago, which was soon supplemented by water from the Calumet Feeder Canal. The feeder was supplied by water from the Calumet River and originated in Blue Island, Il. The DuPage River provided water farther south. In 1871 the canal was deepened to speed up the current and to improve sewage disposal.</p><br>
<h3>Completion</h3><br>
<p>The canal was eventually 60 ft wide and 6 ft deep, with towpaths constructed along each edge to permit mules to be harnessed to tow barges along the canal. Towns were planned out along the path of the canal spaced at intervals corresponding to the length that the mules could haul the barges. It had seventeen locks and four aqueducts to cover the 140 ft height difference between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. From 1848 to 1852 the canal was a popular passenger route, but passenger service ended in 1853 with the opening of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad that ran parallel to the canal. The canal had its peak shipping year in 1882 and remained in use until 1933.</p><br>
<p>Experiencing a remarkable recovery from the devastating Great Chicago Fire of 1871, Chicago rebuilt rapidly along the shores of the Chicago River. The river was especially important to the development of the city since all wastes from houses, farms, the stockyards, and other industries could be dumped into the river and carried out into Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and replacement</h3><br>
<p>The lake, however, was also the source of drinking water. During a tremendous storm in 1885, the rainfall washed refuse from the river, especially from the highly polluted Bubbly Creek, far out into the lake (the city water intakes are located 2 mi offshore). Although no epidemics occurred, the Chicago Sanitary District (now The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) was created by the Illinois legislature in 1889 in response to this close call.</p><br>
<p>This new agency devised a plan to construct channels and canals to reverse the flow of the rivers away from Lake Michigan and divert the contaminated water downstream where it could be diluted as it flowed into the Des Plaines River and eventually the Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, the direction of part of the Chicago River was reversed by the Army Corps of Engineers with the result that the river and much of Chicagos sewage flowed into the canal instead of into Lake Michigan. The complete reversal of the rivers flow was accomplished when the Sanitary and Ship Canal was opened in 1900.</p><br>
<p>It was replaced in 1933 by the Illinois Waterway, which remains in use.</p><br>
<h3>Rejuvenation</h3><br>
<p>The actual origin site of the Illinois and Michigan Canal has been converted into a nature park that integrates history, ecology and art to communicate the Canal&#39;s importance in the development of Chicago. In 2003 the Chicago Park District, in cooperation with the I & M Canal Association, hired Conservation Design Forum to develop plans to convert the brownfield site into a landscape that provided for passive recreational uses in a landscape setting with native plant species. Interpretive panels built into a wall along a bike trail were designed by local high school art students. The plans also called on landscape stabilization techniques to repair a significantly degraded shoreline (water levels can fluctuate as much as 5 feet).</p><br>
<p>Today much of the canal is a long, thin linear park with canoeing and a 62.5 mi hiking and biking trail (constructed on the alignment of the mule tow paths). It also includes museums and historical canal buildings. It was designated the first National Heritage Corridor by US Congress in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent communities</h2><br>
<p>Many towns in Northern Illinois owe their existence directly to the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Lockport, Morris, Ottawa, and LaSalle were platted by the Canal Commissioners to raise funds for the canal&#39;s construction. From east to west the towns along the path of the canal include:</p><br>
<p>Bridgeport (Chicago neighborhood)</p><br>
<p>Summit</p><br>
<p>Willow Springs</p><br>
<p>Lemont</p><br>
<p>Romeoville</p><br>
<p>Lockport</p><br>
<p>Joliet</p><br>
<p>Channahon</p><br>
<p>Morris</p><br>
<p>Seneca</p><br>
<p>Marseilles</p><br>
<p>Ottawa</p><br>
<p>Utica</p><br>
<p>LaSalle</p><br>
<p>Peru</p><br>
<h2>Associated individuals</h2><br>
<p>Ninian Edwards</p><br>
<p>Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard</p><br>
<p>Louis Joliet</p><br>
<p>Abraham Lincoln</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Pope</p><br>
<p>John T. Stuart</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Memorial is a USA national memorial that honors the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. An example of neoclassicism, it is in the form of a classical temple and is located at the western end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Henry Bacon is the memorial&#39;s architect and Daniel Chester French designed the large interior statue of a seated Abraham Lincoln , which was carved in marble by the Piccirilli brothers. Jules Guerin painted the interior murals, and the epitaph above the statue was written by Royal Cortissoz. Dedicated on May 30, 1922, it is one of several memorials built to honor an American president. It has been a major tourist attraction since its opening, and over the years, has occasionally been used as a symbolic center focused on race relations and civil rights.</p><br>
<p>Doric style columns line the temple exterior, and the inscriptions inside include two well-known speeches by Lincoln, the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches, including Martin Luther King Jr.&#39;s "I Have a Dream" speech delivered on August 28, 1963, during the rally at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.</p><br>
<p>Like other monuments on the National Mallincluding the nearby Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, and World War II Memorial – the national memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15, 1966, and was ranked seventh on the American Institute of Architects 2007 list of Americas Favorite Architecture. The memorial is open to the public 24 hours a day, and more than seven million people visit it annually.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and dedication</h3><br>
<p>The first public memorial to USA President Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C., was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincolns assassination in Ford’s Theatre. Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincolns death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time and called for a 70 ft structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a 12 ft statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.</p><br>
<p>The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of Senator Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois, six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission met for the first time the following year and President William H. Taft was chosen as the commissions president. Progress continued steadily, and in 1913 Congress approved the commissions choice of design and location.</p><br>
<p>There were questions regarding the commissions plan. Many thought architect Henry Bacons Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln&#39;s humble character. Instead, they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many as either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Washington Union Station, were put forth, but the commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the axis connecting the Washington Monument and Capitol, overlooking the Potomac River and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site was already designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.</p><br>
<p>With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, contractor M. F. Comer of Toledo, Ohio; resident member of the memorials commission, former Senator Joseph C. S. Blackburn of Kentucky; and the memorials designer, Henry Bacon, conducted a groundbreaking ceremony by turning over a few spadefuls of earth. The following month is when actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 ft tall, was enlarged to 19 ft to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922, and presented it to President Warren G. Harding, who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln&#39;s only surviving son, 78-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln, was in attendance. Prominent African Americans were invited to the event and discovered upon arrival they were assigned a segregated section guarded by USA Marines.</p><br>
<h3>Following history</h3><br>
<p>The Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue, especially for the Civil Rights Movement. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow the African-American contralto Marian Anderson to perform before an integrated audience at the organization&#39;s Constitution Hall. At the suggestion of Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harold L. Ickes, the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 75,000 and a nationwide radio audience. On June 29, 1947, Harry Truman became the first president to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The speech took place at the Lincoln Memorial during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation.</p><br>
<p>On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which proved to be a high point of the American Civil Rights Movement. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard Martin Luther King Jr., deliver his historic "I Have a Dream" speech before the memorial honoring the president who issued the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years earlier. Kings speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincolns Gettysburg Address, was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity. Labor leader Walter Reuther, an organizer of the march, persuaded the other organizers to move the march to the Lincoln Memorial from the Capitol Building. Reuther believed the location would be less threatening to Congress and that the occasion would be especially appropriate underneath the gaze of Abraham Lincoln&#39;s statue. The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President Richard Nixon had a middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters who, just days after the Kent State shootings, were preparing to march against the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>On August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. Kings speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincolns statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble quarried from Colorado. The structure measures 189.7 by and is 99 ft tall. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincolns death, and two columns in-antis at the entrance behind the colonnade. The columns stand 44 ft tall with a base diameter of 7.5 ft. Each column is built from 12 drums including the capital. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the buildings interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of Ancient Greek architecture.</p><br>
<p>Above the colonnade, inscribed on the frieze, are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincolns death and the dates in which they entered the Union. Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in bas-relief. The cornice is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial&#39;s dedication. A bit higher is a garland joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by Ernest C. Bairstow.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, 44 to 66 ft in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a 187 by rectangular granite retaining wall measuring 14 ft in height.</p><br>
<p>Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the Reflecting Pool, the steps rise to the Lincoln Memorial Circle roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an 11 ft tall tripod carved from pink Tennessee marble by the Piccirilli Brothers. There are a total of 87 steps (58 steps from the chamber to the plaza and 29 steps from the plaza to the Reflecting Pool).</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The Memorials interior is divided into three chambers by two rows of four Ionic columns, each 50 ft tall and 5.5 ft across at their base. The central chamber, housing the statue of Lincoln, is 60 ft wide, 74 ft deep, and 60 ft high. The north and south chambers display carved inscriptions of Lincolns second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address. Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation are by Evelyn Beatrice Longman.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial is replete with symbolic elements. The 36 columns represent the states of the Union at the time of Lincolns death; the 48 stone festoons above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Inside, each inscription is surmounted by a 60 by mural by Jules Guerin portraying principles seen as evident in Lincolns life: Freedom, Liberty, Morality, Justice, and the Law on the south wall; Unity, Fraternity, and Charity on the north. Cypress trees, representing Eternity, are in the murals backgrounds. The murals paint incorporated kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling consists of bronze girders ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between these are panels of Alabama marble, saturated with paraffin to increase translucency. But feeling that the statue required even more light, Bacon and French designed metal slats for the ceiling to conceal floodlights, which could be modulated to supplement the natural light; this modification was installed in 1929. The one major alteration since was the addition of an elevator for the disabled in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Statue</h3><br>
<p>Lying between the north and south chambers of the open-air Memorial is the central hall, which contains the large solitary figure of Abraham Lincoln sitting in contemplation. Its sculptor, Daniel Chester French, supervised the six Piccirilli brothers (Ferruccio, Attilio, Furio, Masaniello, Orazio, and Getulio) in its construction, and it took four years to complete.</p><br>
<p>The 175 ST statue, carved from Georgia white marble, was shipped in 28 pieces. If Lincoln were depicted standing, he would be 28 ft tall.</p><br>
<p>The widest span of the statue corresponds to its height, and it rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble 10 ft high, 16 ft wide, and 17 ft deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about 34.5 ft long, 28 ft wide, and 6.5 in high. Lincolns arms rest on representations of Roman fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall. The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters, and above Lincolns head, is engraved an epitaph of Lincoln by Royal Cortissoz. It is important to note that regardless of the aforementioned design intent of the "Roman" fasces, the fasces are features of Etruscan political institutions that were adopted by the Romans, and according to Silius Italicus, these fasce originate from the city of Vetulonia, Italy.</p><br>
<h4>Sculptural features</h4><br>
<p>An urban legend holds that the face of General Robert E. Lee is carved onto the back of Lincoln&#39;s head,</p><br>
<p>However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincolns hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it. French was familiar with American Sign Language, and he would have had a reason to do so, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving Gallaudet University, a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees. The National Geographic Societys publication "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language. Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincolns hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that its reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."</p><br>
<h3>Undercroft</h3><br>
<p>Below the memorial is an undercroft. During construction, graffiti was scrawled on it by workers, which is considered historical by the National Park Service. During the 1970s and 1980s, there were regular tours of the undercroft. The tours stopped abruptly in 1989 after a visitor noticed asbestos and notified the Service. Due to water seeping through the calcium carbonate within the marble, over time stalactites and stalagmites have formed within it.</p><br>
<p>For the memorial&#39;s centennial in 2022, the undercroft is planned to be open to visitors following a rehabilitation project funded by David Rubenstein. Work started on the $69 million project in 2023 with expected completion by 2026.</p><br>
<p>Through the renovation, the undercroft will become a visitor area with a museum, theater, store and exhibit section. It is expected to only take up 15,000 square feet of the 50,000 square-foot undercroft. The plan, as of 2024, is for the space to include six floor-to-ceiling glass walls that will provide views of the cathedral-like interior of the undercroft, and an immersive theater presentation that will project images of historic events onto screens and the undercroft’s pillars.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>As one of the most prominent American monuments, the Lincoln Memorial is often featured in books, films, videogames, and television shows that take place in Washington; by 2003 it had appeared in over 60 films, and in 2009, Mark S. Reinhart compiled some short sketches of dozens of uses of the Memorial in film and television.</p><br>
<p>Some examples of films include Frank Capras 1939 film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, where in a key scene the statue and the Memorials inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by James Stewart. The Park Service did not want Capra to film at the Memorial, so he sent a large crew elsewhere as a distraction while a smaller crew filmed Stewart and Jean Arthur inside the Memorial.</p><br>
<p>Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital visual effects, due to restrictive filming rules. As of 2017, according to the National Park Service, "Filming/photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial."</p><br>
<p>Mitchell Newton-Matza said in 2016 that "Reflecting its cherished place in the hearts of Americans, the Lincoln Memorial has often been featured prominently in popular culture, especially motion pictures." According to Tracey Gold Bennett, "The majesty of the Lincoln Memorial is a big draw for film location scouts, producers, and directors because this landmark has appeared in a considerable number of films."</p><br>
<p>Jay Sacher writes:</p><br>
<p>From high to low, the memorial is cultural shorthand for both American ideals and 1960s radicalism. From Forrest Gumps Zelig-like insertion into anti-war rallies on the steps of the memorial, to the villainous Decepticon robots discarding the Lincoln statue and claiming it as a throne.... The memorials place in the culture is assured even as it is parodied.</p><br>
<h3>Depictions on USA currency</h3><br>
<p>From 1959 (the 150th anniversary of Lincoln&#39;s birth) to 2008, the memorial, with statue visible through the columns, was depicted on the reverse of the United States one-cent coin, which since 1909 has depicted a bust of Lincoln on its front.</p><br>
<p>The memorial has appeared on the back of the USA five-dollar bill since 1929. The front of the bill bears Lincoln&#39;s portrait.</p><br>
<p>East Hancock is a primarily residential neighbourhood in Hancock, Michigan, though it also includes the easternmost block of Quincy Street, the main street of Hancock&#39;s downtown.</p><br>
<h2>East Hancock Neighborhood Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The East Hancock Neighborhood Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district which is a substantial subsection of the East Hancock neighborhood. The District is bounded by Front Street, Dunston Street, Vivian Street, Mason Avenue, and Cooper Avenue, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>There are 88 residences in the East Hancock Neighborhood Historic District, along with a synagogue called Temple Jacob, a gas station, and a WPA project. The majority of the residences were built between 1890 and 1920.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The East Hancock neighborhood was formerly characterized by a number of deep ravines originally covered with wooden sidewalks that were filled in by the Dakota Heights Land Company; the neighbourhood was then "subdivided into residential lots". Development in the neighborhood began in the 1890s and surged in the early 1900s, when a rush of prosperity increased the number of relatively wealthy people in Hancock. The neighborhood brought together Hancock citizens involved in the business and mining sectors of the economy. Notable early residents of the area were primarily mine employees and managers. As mining declined in importance, more Hancock businessmen moved into the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Many of the residences in East Hancock were designed by prominent local architects. Styles represented in the neighborhood include Queen Anne, Stick, Shingle, Neo-Classical, Renaissance Revival, and Bungaloid.</p><br>
<p>A principal feature is a WPA-project stone staircase " from "Cooper Avenue to Front Street".</p><br>
<p>Historically, East Hancock was important as the station from which the trolley departed to the Electric Park resort.</p><br>
<p>The East Hancock Neighborhood Association was formed in 1981. It is noted for many large houses in the Queen Anne, Renaissance and shingle styles.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the Canal Crossings Condominium by Moyle Inc. has obstructed some of the view of the neighbourhood from the Portage Lake Lift Bridge, one of the things for which the project has been criticised.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>East Hancock Revisited: History of a Neighborhood, Circa 1880 - 1920 (Eleanor A. Alexander, Hancock, Michigan: 1984)</p><br>
<p>The Mare Island Naval Shipyard  was the first United States Navy base established on the Pacific Ocean and was in service 142 years from 1854 to 1996. It is located on Mare Island, 23 mi northeast of San Francisco, in Vallejo, California. MINSY made a name for itself as the premier USA West Coast submarine port as well as serving as the controlling force in San Francisco Bay Area shipbuilding efforts during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The naval base was closed on 31 March 1996, with more than 7,500 civilians on its payroll, and has gone through several redevelopment phases. It was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1960, and parts of it were declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Beginnings</h2><br>
<p>In September 1849, Lieutenant Commander William Pope McArthur was placed in command of the US survey schooner Ewing, which had been brought around Cape Horn to the West Coast by Lieutenant Washington Allon Bartlett. Upon reaching San Francisco, Ewing and the other ship assigned to the survey, were hampered from progress due to desertions of their crews to the gold fields, including a mutiny when crew members rowing into the city from Ewing threw an officer overboard in an attempt to desert. They managed to survey the Mare Island Strait before steaming to Hawaii to obtain crewmen from Hawaiian monarch King Kamehameha III. They returned to San Francisco in the spring of 1850 with the coastal survey of northern California beginning on 4 April 1850 and continued up to the mouth of the Columbia River. On 1 August 1850, while still in Oregon, McArthur purchased a interest in Mare Island for $468.50 then returned to San Francisco later that month to prepare charts and write reports.</p><br>
<p>On 15 January 1852, Secretary of the Navy William A. Graham ordered a Naval Commission to select a site for a naval yard on the Pacific Coast. Commodore D. Sloat along with Commodore C. Ringgold, Simon F. Blunt and William P.S. Sanger (former overseer of construction of Drydock Number One, Norfolk Naval Shipyard) were appointed to the commission. On 13 July 1852, Sloat recommended Mare Island, across Mare Island Strait from the settlement of Vallejo. The next month, a sectional floating dry dock, authorized by Secretary Graham for use in California, arrived in San Francisco. It was built in New York and shipped in sections around Cape Horn. In 1853, the Navy purchased Mare Island, the original 956 acres (387 ha) of land for MINSY, for a grand sum of $83,491; subsequently the floating dry dock was moved into place in Mare Island Strait. McArthur&#39;s family share (he had died a few months after purchasing his share of Mare Island) was $5,218. Based on observations at the site, Sanger conceived the original plan for the naval yard at Mare Island, later formalized by planners at the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks in Washington, D.C. Although the 1854 Sanger plan was basically sound and mostly implemented, it did not overcome its natural shortcoming: the naval yard was built on an island on shallow San Pablo Bay.</p><br>
<p>On 16 September 1854, the Navy commenced shipbuilding and ship repair operations at Mare Island under the command of then-Commander David Farragut, who later gained fame during the USA Civil War Battle of Mobile Bay, when he gave the order, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" Farragut and his newly appointed Civil Engineer, Daniel Turner, began to implement Sanger&#39;s original plan with only a few minor modifications. Of the early buildings constructed under Turner, five are still standing in historic Shipyard North: Building 46, a smithery built in 1856; Building 71, a storage built in 1858; Building 85, a foundry built in 1858; Building 87, a machine shop built in 1858; and Building 89/91, a boiler shop built in 1858. The other MINSY area constructed was the Ammunition Depot at the south end of the Island, used to store ordnance from warships under repair. Still standing from the Turner years in Ammunition Depot is Building A1, a magazine built in 1857.</p><br>
<p>MINSY served as a major Pacific Ocean repair station during the late 19th century, handling American as well as Japanese and Russian vessels in the course of duty.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, the longest lived of the clipper ships, was brought to Mare Island Navy Yard for $15,000 of repairs. Syren had struck Mile Rock twice while trying to sail out of the Golden Gate.</p><br>
<p>Marines first arrived for duty in 1862 under the command of Maj Addison Garland, who was the first officer to command the Marine barracks on the island.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1901 under the guidance of Chaplain Adam A. McAlister and USA Senator George C. Perkins, St. Peter’s Chapel was the second chapel built on a USA Navy property, the first in the Pacific, and the first interdenominational chapel in the armed services. According to historian McDonald, "The chapel, more than any other building, bears witness to the closeness of the community that developed at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard."</p><br>
<p>Mare Island Naval Shipyard also took a commanding role in civil defense and emergency response on the West Coast, dispatching warships to the Pacific Northwest to subdue Native American unrest. MINSY sent ships such as south to Central America and the Panama Canal to protect US political and commercial interests. Some of the support, logistics and munition requirements for the Spanish–American War were filled by Mare Island. MINSY sent men, materiel and ships to San Francisco in response to the fires following the 1906 earthquake. Arctic rescue missions were mounted as necessary. Ordnance manufacturing and storage were two further key missions at MINSY for nearly all of its active service, including ordnance used prior to the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the Marine Corps established two West Coast recruit training depots first at Mare Island, the second at Puget Sound, Washington. Mare Island eventually became the West Coast&#39;s only recruit training facility when the Puget Sound operation consolidated to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1912. Instructors trained recruits there until 10 August 1923, when they relocated to Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego.</p><br>
<h2>World War I</h2><br>
<p>In 1917, when the Marine Expeditionary Force in the Pacific was assigned to Mare Island, the MINSY Marine Corps compound, which was always under Marine Corps command, was relocated to the large hilltop isolated from and west of Shipyard South. The newly built Building M37, a handsome three-story reinforced-concrete building of Beaux Arts design, occupied the entire eastern end of a huge parade ground. It served as the focal point, headquarters, and barracks of the Marine Corps detachment at MINSY. During World War I, the MINSY Marine Corps compound was the major training station on the West Coast.</p><br>
<p>In July 1917, MINSY was the site of a major explosion that killed six people. On July 9, a gunpowder magazine containing 127,600 pounds of black powder blew up, damaging a number of surrounding buildings, and leaving a mystery as to what had caused it. Suspicion settled on an identified German agent and possible saboteur, Lothar Witzke, but the investigation proved inconclusive and the official verdict was that the cause was unknown. Stephen C. Ruder has suggested in a 2022 article that it may not have been an act of German sabotage but suicide by a civilian, Neil Damstedt, who was the principal victim and only individual inside the magazine at the moment of explosion.</p><br>
<p>MINSY saw major shipbuilding efforts during World War I. MINSY holds a shipbuilding speed record for a destroyer that still stands, launching in just days in May–June 1918. Mare Island was selected by the Navy for construction of the only US West Coast-built dreadnought battleship, launched in 1919. Several pre-dreadnought battleships had previously been launched at San Francisco and Seattle. Noting the power of underwater warfare shown by German U-boats in World War I, the Navy doubled their Pacific-based submarine construction program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard by founding a submarine program at MINSY in the early 1920s.</p><br>
<h3>Mare Island Marines Football Team</h3><br>
<p>During this period, the Marines stationed at MINSY fielded a college football team which competed against teams in the Pacific Coast Conference and other military service football teams. After the United States entered WWI during April 1917, many college athletes joined or were drafted into the military. Enrolments diminished at universities around the country, with many schools cutting back their sports programs as a result. Consequently, military academies and training bases established football teams composed mostly of college players who had been recruited for service. This was further encouraged by officials who considered football to be excellent war training, with its themes of leadership, teamwork, and discipline. The 1917 Mare Island Marines football team strung together an impressive first season, going 8–0, shutting out six opponents, winning the 1918 Rose Bowl against the Camp Lewis 91st Division football team, and outscoring all of their opponents by a combined total of 200 to 10. This was despite only 500 Marines being stationed at the base when the team was formed. The 1918 Mare Island Marines football team fielded an entirely new roster, which achieved a similar level of success as the previous year. They finished the season with a 10–1 record, losing only in the 1919 Rose Bowl to the Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets.</p><br>
<h3>Interwar years</h3><br>
<p>The Marine Corps training continued after World War I until 1921, when the Marine Corps recruitment center opened in San Diego. The MINSY Marine Corps detachment continued to occupy Building M37 until 1996, but never regained its pre-1921 importance. From around 1922 to 1937, an airfield was established west of the Marine Barracks (Building M37) as a support base for the Navy&#39;s first aircraft carrier, which had her origin at Mare Island. When Langley was at MINSY for repairs, her planes had to be removed to the MINSY airfield, which was also used for training. At her overhaul at MINSY in 1925, her deck was extended 23 feet, increasing her complement of planes to two full squadrons (36 planes). From October 1936 to February 1937, she was converted to a seaplane tender at MINSY.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, MINSY was finally, after 65 years, linked to mainland Vallejo by a causeway with a drawbridge, which provided direct land-based movement of supplies and personnel across Mare Island Strait. Owing to the shallowness of the shipping channels in Mare Island Strait and San Pablo Bay, the larger battleships and carriers of the Pacific fleet were sent not to MINSY but to leased dry docks then-privately owned at Hunters Point. However, submarine work was especially suited for Mare Island. MINSY became the major West Coast submarine repair facility in WWI and in 1925 was awarded a contract to build its first submarine. In the 1930s, land reclamation nearly doubled the usable acreage on Mare Island. For example, the low-lying North End marshland were raised above high tide, making it available for future MINSY expansion.</p><br>
<p>Before World War II, the Navy established Station I at Mare Island as one of four High Frequency Direction Finding (HFDF) stations on the Pacific mainland to track Japanese naval and merchant shipping east of Hawaii. The other stations were: Point Arguello, California (Station Z), Point Saint George, California (Station T), and Fort Stevens, Oregon (Station S).</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>Base facilities included a hospital, ammunition depot, paint and rubber testing laboratories, and schools for firefighters, opticians, and anti-submarine attack during World War II. MINSY reached peak capacity for shipbuilding, repair, overhaul, and maintenance of many different kinds of seagoing vessels including both surface combatants and submarines. Up to 50,000 workers were employed. Mare Island even received Royal Navy cruisers and destroyers and four Soviet Navy subs for service.</p><br>
<p>Before the wartime expansion, MINSY had a usable area of about 635 acres. By 1945, MINSY more than doubled its usable area to about 1500 acres, much of which was reclaimed land at the North End. Most of the large permanent buildings were built between 1938 and 1941, before concrete and steel became restricted because of wartime demands. Shipyard South had the newest and best-built or redesigned industrial buildings for mass pre-fabricated sub-assembly production of submarines as well as the waterfront repair of battle-damaged vessels. The open North End was transformed into a new assembly plant for mass production of escort vessels and landing crafts, producing at its peak performance one destroyer escort every ten days and one landing craft each day.</p><br>
<p>Following the War, MINSY was considered to be one of the primary stations for construction and maintenance of the Navy&#39;s Pacific fleet of submarines, having built seventeen submarines and four submarine tenders by the end of hostilities.</p><br>
<h3>War bonds</h3><br>
<p>Patriotism and esprit de corps among the workers ran very high. Mare Island&#39;s military and civilian workforce raised almost $76M in war bonds; enough to pay for every one of the submarines built at MINSY prior to VJ Day. More than 300 landing craft were built at Mare Island.</p><br>
<h2>Dry docks and slipways</h2><br>
<p>When the shipyard was commissioned in 1854, it relied on a floating dry dock for ship repair. Although the Navy intended from the outset to have a permanent dry dock at Mare Island, the funds were not available until 1872, when Congress authorized $2 million for its construction. By then, Calvin Brown took over design and construction from Daniel Turner, the first civil engineer at the base. Dry Dock 1 was designed by Brown, who prepared for it by touring facilities throughout the USA and Europe, and was his most enduring achievement. Dry Dock 1 was the raison d&#39;etre of the 19th century shipyard, the most important single structure at Mare Island. It remains one of the most remarkable examples of stone masonry construction in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The first concrete foundation for Dry Dock 1 was poured in 1874 and the first granite stone was laid the next year. The granite blocks were cut at quarries at Crystal Lake, Pino, Rocklin, Folsom, and Penryn. The entire surface of Dry Dock 1 is finished in dressed granite blocks. The floor is smooth and the walls are finished in stepped blocks. Construction of Dry Dock 1 was completed in 1891, $400,000 or 20% over budget. Owing to the large increases in the size of American ships in the late 19th century, the Navy began construction of a much longer, concrete, second dry dock shortly after the completion of the historic granite Dry Dock 1.</p><br>
<p>Dry Dock 2 was built between 1899 and 1910 during a period of intense modernization of Mare Island. The March 1898 Mare Island earthquake that leveled many of the unreinforced masonry structures on the base and the 1898 Spanish-American war convinced the Navy and Congress to modernize Mare Island in order to maintain a substantial fleet in the Pacific. A key element to supporting the Pacific fleet was the construction a "state-of-the-art" Dry Dock 2 that can accommodate any ship of the Navy afloat or under design. It needed to be several hundred feet longer than Dry Dock 1 and had to be built at a 45-degree angle to the shore line, adjacent to Dry Dock 1, to avoid demolition of the older shop buildings on the waterfront. It was lined with modern hydraulic concrete, with granite masonry used only in critical areas, like its locks and upper sill. Dry Dock 2 served as the main dry dock at Mare Island for three decades, from 1910 through ths 1930s. During the build-up leading to and during World War II to meet the sharply increasing demand for the shipyard&#39;s dual and competing mission of ship-building and ship-repairing, two more dry docks were built: Dry Dock 3, the second largest dry dock at Mare Island, and Dry Dock 4, used primarily for submarines and destroyers, both in the newer, more modernized Shipyard South area.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the wartime expansion beginning in 1938, there were two building ways, No. 1 and 2, at Shipyard North. By the end of World War II, six new building ways had been added in two areas. Ways No. 3 was added to the redesigned Shipyard South and was used primarily for dry dock tugs, barges, and other small crafts. Ways No. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were added to the newly transformed North End and were used primarily for mass production of destroyer escorts and landing crafts. The yard also increased greatly its berthing capacity; at its peak MINSY was capable of berthing and working on 100 ships at one time.</p><br>
<h2>Shipbuilding</h2><br>
<p>Mare Island Naval Shipyard constructed at least eighty-nine seagoing vessels. Among the more important ships & boats built were:</p><br>
<p>1858 – sloop-of-war, wood</p><br>
<p>1872 – sloop-of-war, wood</p><br>
<p>1874 – Steamer</p><br>
<p>1875 – monitor, steel</p><br>
<p>1886 – Revenue Cutter, wood</p><br>
<p>1904 – training ship, steel barque</p><br>
<p>1907 – collier, steel</p><br>
<p>1911 – collier, steel. Later converted to aircraft carrier</p><br>
<p>1913 – tanker, steel</p><br>
<p>1913 – Revenue Cutter Service harbor tug, wood</p><br>
<p>1913 – gunboat, steel</p><br>
<p>1913 – gunboat, steel</p><br>
<p>1914 – tanker, steel</p><br>
<p>1915 – tanker, steel</p><br>
<p>1916, destroyer – steel</p><br>
<p>1916 – battleship, steel</p><br>
<p>1916 – destroyer, steel</p><br>
<p>1917 Fifteen submarine chasers – wood</p><br>
<p>1917 – destroyer – (Destroyers for Bases Agreement)</p><br>
<p>1917 – destroyer</p><br>
<p>1918 – destroyer – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>1918 – destroyer – (Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa)</p><br>
<p>1919 – destroyer – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>1918 – destroyer – (attack on Pearl Harbor – Guadalcanal campaign – Philippines campaign)</p><br>
<p>1918 – destroyer</p><br>
<p>1919 – destroyer – (invasion of North Africa – Philippines campaign)</p><br>
<p>1920 – battleship scrapped before completion under terms of the Washington Naval Treaty</p><br>
<p>1920 – destroyer – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>1920 – destroyer – (attack on Pearl Harbor – Guadalcanal campaign)</p><br>
<p>1921 – destroyer – (attack on Pearl Harbor)</p><br>
<p>1922 – destroyer – (attack on Pearl Harbor – Guadalcanal campaign)</p><br>
<p>1922 – destroyer – (attack on Pearl Harbor – Battle of Peleliu)</p><br>
<p>1922 – destroyer – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>1927 – submarine (sank 6 ships in 14 World War II Pacific patrols)</p><br>
<p>1 of 6 heavy cruisers</p><br>
<p>1928 – (Battle of Savo Island – Battle of Rennell Island)</p><br>
<p>1 of 7 heavy cruisers</p><br>
<p>1931 – (attack on Pearl Harbor – Battle of Cape Esperance – Naval Battle of Guadalcanal – Battle of the Philippine Sea – Philippines campaign (1944–45) – Battle of Okinawa)</p><br>
<p>2 of 18 destroyers</p><br>
<p>1934 – (Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands – Philippines campaign)</p><br>
<p>1934 – (Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands – Naval Battle of Guadalcanal)</p><br>
<p>1 of 8 destroyers</p><br>
<p>1935 – (attack on Pearl Harbor – Guadalcanal campaign)</p><br>
<p>31 of 65 s</p><br>
<p>1942</p><br>
<p>1943</p><br>
<p>1943</p><br>
<p>1944</p><br>
<p>With the prelude to, and the outbreak of World War II, the Mare Island Naval Shipyard specialized in submarines, and other than a few submarine tenders and destroyer escorts, no more surface ships were built there. MINSY continued building non-nuclear subs through the Cold War including two of the three Barracuda-class submarines and, an early guided missile launcher. In 1955, Mare Island was awarded the contract to build, the first nuclear submarine laid down at a Pacific base.</p><br>
<p>The shipyard became one of the few that built and overhauled nuclear submarines, including several UGM-27 Polaris submarines. 1970 saw the launching of, the last nuclear submarine built in California. In 1972, the Navy officially ceased building new nuclear submarines at Mare Island, though overhaul of existing vessels continued. was decommissioned at Mare Island in 1980, then rigged for towing back to Groton, Connecticut, to serve as a museum of naval history.</p><br>
<p>1 of 10 s</p><br>
<p>1936 – sank 6 ships in 7 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1 of 6 s</p><br>
<p>1936 – sank 9 ships in 11 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1 of 10 s</p><br>
<p>1937 – sank 12 ships in 13 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1939 – submarine tender – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>2 of 12 s</p><br>
<p>1939 – sank 4 ships in 13 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1939 – sank 11 ships in 12 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1941 – submarine tender – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>1942 – submarine tender – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>8 of 77 s</p><br>
<p>1941 – (sank 23 ships in 14 World War II Pacific patrols (3rd highest number for a USA submarine)</p><br>
<p>1941 – (sank 18 ships in 12 World War II Pacific patrols (11th highest number for a USA submarine)</p><br>
<p>1942 – (sank 20 ships in 7 World War II Pacific patrols (6th highest number for a USA submarine)</p><br>
<p>1942 –</p><br>
<p>1942 – (sank 15 ships in 11 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1942 – Vietnam War)</p><br>
<p>1942 – submarine (sank 16 ships in 11 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1942 – (sank 3 ships 4 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1943 – submarine tender – (World War II)</p><br>
<p>10 of 120 s</p><br>
<p>1943 – (sank 20 ships in 8 World War II Pacific patrols (6th highest number for a USA submarine)</p><br>
<p>1943 – (sank 10 ships in 7 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1943 – (sank 24 ships in 5 World War II Pacific patrols (highest number for a USA submarine)</p><br>
<p>1943 –</p><br>
<p>1944 – (sank 21 ships in 5 World War II Pacific patrols (4th highest number for a USA submarine)</p><br>
<p>1944 – (sank 11 ships in 5 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1944 – (sank 1 ship in 3 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1944 – (sank 4 ships in 3 World War II Pacific patrols</p><br>
<p>1945 – (1 World War II Pacific patrol)</p><br>
<p>1947 –</p><br>
<p>1945 – submarine tender</p><br>
<p>2 of 3 s</p><br>
<p>1951</p><br>
<p>1951</p><br>
<p>1 of 2 s</p><br>
<p>1957 –</p><br>
<p>1957 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1959 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1959 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1960 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1961 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1961 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1962 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1963 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1963 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1963 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1964 – deep submergence bathyscaphe</p><br>
<p>1965 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1965 - submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1967 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1968 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1969 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1969 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<p>1970 – submarine (nuclear powered)</p><br>
<h3>Riverine training</h3><br>
<p>In 1966, during the Vietnam War, the USA Navy transferred their Brown Water Navy Riverine Training Operations from Coronado, California, to Mare Island. Motorists traveling along Highway 37 could often see USA Navy River Patrol Boats, among other river assault type boats, maneuvering through the sloughs of what is now the Napa-Sonoma State Wildlife Area, which borders the north and west portions of Mare Island.</p><br>
<p>USA Navy Reserve Units may still operate the slough portions of the State Wildlife Area for training purposes, as the navigable waters are considered public property. The USA Navy Brown Water Riverine Forces were inactivated after the Vietnam War, maintaining only the USA Naval Reserve PBRs and auxiliary craft at Mare Island, until the 1996 base closure.</p><br>
<p>USA Naval Construction Battalion Unit 421</p><br>
<p>Mare Island was also home to the Seabees CBU 421 who completed many construction projects in the bay area including renovation and restoration of St. Peters chapel. St. Peters is the oldest Navy Chapel in the United States built in 1901.</p><br>
<h3>Pacific Reserve Fleet, Mare Island</h3><br>
<p>Pacific Reserve Fleet, Mare Island was a large US reserve fleet that opened in 1946 to store the many surplus ships after World War II. As part of the United States Navy reserve fleets, the fleet "mothballed" ships and submarines. Some ships in the fleet were reactivated for the Korean War and Vietnam War. The Reserve Fleet closed in 1996 with the shipyard. The ships were scrapped or moved to other reserve fleets.</p><br>
<h2>Base closure</h2><br>
<p>Mare Island Naval Shipyard expanded to over 5,200 acre during its service life and was responsible for construction of over 500 naval vessels and overhauling thousands of other vessels. Though it remained a strong contender for continued operations, MINSY was identified for closure during the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process of 1993. Naval operations ceased and the facility was decommissioned on 31 March 1996.</p><br>
<p>The California Conservation Corps, Touro University California, and numerous commercial and industrial businesses are currently leasing property aboard the former naval shipyard. In May 2000, the Navy completed the transfer of a former housing area called Roosevelt Terrace using an "economic development conveyance&quot a method to accelerate the transfer of BRAC facilities back to civilian communities for their economic benefit. The Navy is also transferring property at the shipyard to other government agencies such as Fish and Wildlife Service refuge, a Forest Service office building, an Army Reserve Center, a Coast Guard communications facility, and a Department of Education school.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The shipyard was featured by Huell Howser in California&#39;s Gold Episode 704.</p><br>
<p>Scenes from the 2018 science fiction film Bumblebee were filmed in the industrial section of Mare Island, most notably the dry dock slipways.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 FIAT shot an automobile commercial along the industrial waterside, including a chase scene on the old coal shed loading platform.</p><br>
<p>Berkeley Plantation, one of the first plantations in America, comprises about 1,000 acre on the banks of the James River on State Route 5 in Charles City County, Virginia. Berkeley Plantation was originally called Berkeley Hundred, named after the Berkeley Company of England. In 1726, it became the home of the Harrison family of Virginia, after Benjamin Harrison IV located there and built one of the first three-story brick mansions in Virginia. It is the ancestral home of two presidents of the United States: William Henry Harrison, who was born there in 1773 and his grandson Benjamin Harrison. It is now a museum property, open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Among the many American "firsts" that occurred at Berkeley Plantation are:</p><br>
<p>In 1619 settlers celebrated the first annual Thanksgiving celebration after landing at Berkeley Hundred.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 the Army bugle call "Taps" was first played, by bugler Oliver W. Norton; the melody was written at Harrisons Landing, the plantations old wharf, by Norton and General Daniel Butterfield.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On December 4, 1619, a group of 38 English settlers arrived at Berkeley Hundred, about 8,000 acre on the north bank of the James River near Herring Creek in an area then known as Charles Cittie (sic). It was named for one of the original founders, Richard Berkeley, a member of the Berkeley family of Gloucestershire, England. It was about 20 miles upstream from Jamestown, where the first permanent settlement of the Colony of Virginia was established on May 14, 1607.</p><br>
<p>The group&#39;s London Company charter required that the day of arrival be observed as a day of thanksgiving to God. On that first day, Captain John Woodlief held a service pursuant to the charter which specified, "Wee ordaine that the day of our ships arrival at the place assigned for plantacon in the land of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually keept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God.". Because of this, the Berkeley Plantation had one of the first recorded celebrations of Thanksgiving in the United States.</p><br>
<p>During the Indian Massacre of 1622, nine of the settlers at Berkeley Hundred were killed, as well as about a third of the entire population of the Virginia Colony. The Berkeley Hundred site and other outlying locations were abandoned as the colonists withdrew to Jamestown and other more secure points. In 1634, Charles Cittie became part of the first eight shires of Virginia, as Charles City County, one of the oldest in the United States, and is located along Virginia State Route 5, which runs parallel to the river&#39;s northern borders past sites of many of the James River Plantations between the colonial capital city of Williamsburg (now the site of Colonial Williamsburg) and the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia at Richmond.</p><br>
<p>In 1636 William Tucker, Maurice Thompson, George Thompson, William Harris, Thomas Deacon, James Stone, Cornelius Lloyd of London, merchants and Jeremiah Blackman of London, mariner, and their associates and company patented the 8,000 acres known as Berkeley Hundred. After several decades, the site of Berkeley Hundred became the property of Theodorick Bland of Westover. A portion of the Berkeley Hundred patent was purchased from descendant Giles Bland by Benjamin Harrison III. His son Benjamin Harrison IV built the three-story brick mansion that became the seat of the Harrison family, one of the First Families of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Using bricks fired on the Berkeley plantation, Benjamin Harrison IV built a Georgian-style two-story brick mansion on a hill overlooking the James River in 1726. Harrisons son, Benjamin Harrison V, a signer of the American Declaration of Independence and a governor of Virginia, was born at Berkeley Plantation, as was his son William Henry Harrison, a war hero in the Battle of Tippecanoe, governor of Indiana Territory, and ninth president of the United States. Berkeley would later earn a distinction shared only with Peacefield in Quincy, Massachusetts, as the ancestral home for two United States presidents, though this connection is tenuous, as William Henry Harrisons grandson, the 23rd president, Benjamin Harrison, was born and reared in North Bend, Ohio, and his father, John Scott Harrison, was born in Vincennes, Indiana, while his father (William Henry Harrison) was the first territorial governor of the Indiana Territory.</p><br>
<p>The first 10 USA presidents were on the property enjoying the Harrison family hospitality at some point: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison (Who was born on the property), and John Tyler who lived nearby are all known to have visited Berkeley.</p><br>
<p>By the time Benjamin Harrison VII inherited Berkeley in 1799, the land was worn out after more than two centuries of mono-culture tobacco and cotton crops and the plantation was drifting towards financial ruin. After 150 years of Harrison family ownership plantation was foreclosed on by a local bank and the family evicted. Benjamin Harrison VII was the last Harrison to own Berkeley.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Union troops occupied Berkeley Plantation, and President Abraham Lincoln twice visited there in the summer of 1862 to confer with Gen. George B. McClellan. The Harrisons were unable to regain possession of the plantation after the war, and it was rented out by the bank from time to time to tenant farmers and the mansion was eventually used as a barn, falling into such disrepair that it was uninhabitable.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>John Jamieson, a lumber tycoon who as a youth had been at Berkeley as a drummer boy in McClellan&#39;s army, purchased the property in 1907. In 1925, his son Malcolm inherited the property, expending large sums of money to turn the ruined main house into a livable and stately home for himself and his bride Grace Eggleston. The project took over a decade and the mansion was finally occupied by the Jamisons in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the mansion was turned into a museum in the 1960s. Today the house attracts visitors from the United States and other parts of the world.</p><br>
<p>The architecture is original, and the house has been filled with antique furniture and furnishings that date from the period when it was built. The grounds, too, have been restored, and cuttings from the boxwood gardens are available as living souvenirs for its visitors.</p><br>
<p>Berkeley is still a working farm; corn, soybeans, wheat, tomatoes, and other vegetables are grown here.</p><br>
<p>There is also a small family cemetery on the property. Among those buried here are Benjamin Harrison V, Grace Jamieson, and Malcolm Jamieson.</p><br>
<p>Reconstructed slave quarters were built on the property in 2018 by the producers of Harriet, a movie about Harriet Tubman that was filmed in part at the plantation. The original quarters were no longer extant at that point. Plantation owner Benjamin Harrison V held 110 people in slavery at the time of his death in 1791.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The main house is the centerpiece of ten acres of formal gardens and parterres. The house is surrounded by boxwood hedges forming allées. Large pillars with decorative spires support large hinged gates.</p><br>
<p>The house is constructed of red brick with thin mortar joints. The two-story building&#39;s main entrance is in the center of the house, with two symmetrical windows on either side and a central window directly above the door. These windows are double sashed with 12 panes per sash. An entablature with dentil moldings support the gabled roof, which is pierced by three dormer windows and two large brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include a two-story gabled guest house, with symmetrical one-story wings on each side. In 1862, during the American Civil War and while the Union Army of the Potomac was camped at Berkeley Plantation, Confederates under General J.E.B. Stuart shot a cannonball into the side of the house from the nearby James River. The cannonball was never removed, and is still visible today. It is indicated with a small marker.</p><br>
<p>Sherwood Forest Plantation Foundation is located on the north bank of the James River in Charles City County, Virginia. The main plantation house, built in 1730, was the home of the tenth president of the United States, John Tyler  for the last twenty years of his life. It is located on State Route 5, a scenic byway which runs between the independent cities of Richmond and Williamsburg. The house is located approximately 1.5 mi from the river. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is a misconception that Sherwood Forest is the only private residence in the United States to have been owned by two unrelated USA presidents. William Henry Harrison owned a plot of land called "Browns Quarter" in the same county, and another (different) Browns Quarter existed within the acreage that came to make up the land that Tyler later purchased. Harrison&#39;s vice president and successor John Tyler purchased the plantation in 1842 from his cousin Collier Minge and lived there after leaving the White House.</p><br>
<p>John Tyler renamed the plantation Sherwood Forest in 1842. He said it signified that he had been "outlawed" by the Whig party. He was attracted to the plantation because it was near his birthplace at Greenway Plantation. He retired there when he left the White House in 1845 and spent the rest of his life there with his second wife Julia Gardiner Tyler and some of his children. He had eight with his first wife and seven with his second wife.</p><br>
<p>Pearl, the youngest, was born in 1860, when Tyler was 70 years old; she died in 1947.</p><br>
<p>As regional hostilities in the United States escalated to become the American Civil War in 1861, Tyler backed Virginias secession, although he died in January 1862. Later that spring, the house was occupied by Union soldiers during McClellans Peninsula Campaign of 1862 and again during Grants Overland Campaign in 1864. During the latter, the Battle of Wilsons Wharf was fought nearby. When an Ohio regiment vacated the house in 1864, they attempted to raze it with fire as a punishment for Tyler&#39;s support of the Confederacy. The fire was quickly extinguished by a loyal slave and did little damage to the house.</p><br>
<p>Owners of the house who started restoring it in the mid-1970s started removing some home-made storm windows and then discovered from old records that Tyler had built them himself, so they kept them. One of the house&#39;s claims to fame is its length; 301 feet (91 m). It is noted for its long, skinny ballroom, a "hyphen" Tyler had added to the house to accommodate the style of dancing popular then - what is today called "line dancing" but was then the "Virginia reel."</p><br>
<p>The house has been in the Tyler family since it was purchased in 1842. The house currently is owned by Harrison Ruffin Tyler, President Tyler&#39;s grandson and the son of Lyon Gardiner Tyler; he and his wife, Frances Payne Bouknight Tyler, restored the home and grounds based on information gathered from over 47,000 letters describing the decor, furnishings, and landscape. It is open to the public for tours by appointment. The grounds are open daily for self-guided tours from 9am-5pm excepting Thanksgiving and Christmas days.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>A pet cemetery is located on the property, where Tyler family pets were and still are buried, most notably, John Tyler&#39;s horse, The General.</p><br>
<p>Staff at the site also maintain a small grove where Tyler planned to be buried. In January 1862, while in Richmond to serve in the Confederate House of Representatives, Tyler became seriously ill. He died while arranging plans to return to Sherwood Forest, and his request to be buried at his home was ignored. He was instead buried at Richmond’s Hollywood Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Rissers Mill Covered Bridge or Horsts Mill Covered Bridge was a covered bridge that spanned Little Chickies Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was burnt by an arsonist on July 8, 2002. The arsonist was caught and arrested by police. But the covered bridge had been completely destroyed and Rissers Mill Covered Bridge across the Little Chiques Creek was never seen again. As of October 2006, a concrete bridge is being built 100 feet north of the site of the bridge. Plans exist to rebuild a replica of the bridge on the original hand-laid stone bridge abutments.</p><br>
<p>The bridge&#39;s WGCB Number is 38-36-36. Added in 1980, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as structure number 80004612, and was removed from the Register on December 5, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1872 by Elias McMellen using a Burr arch truss design.</p><br>
<h2>Dimensions</h2><br>
<p>Length: 82 feet (25.0 m) total length</p><br>
<p>Width: 15 feet (4.6 m) total width</p><br>
<p>The Fulton Opera House, also known as the Fulton Theatre or simply The Fulton, is a League of Regional Theatres class B regional theater located in historic downtown Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It is reportedly the oldest working theatre in the United States. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current structure was built in 1852 on the foundation of Lancaster&#39;s former jail, which dated to 1739. In 1763, the twenty surviving members of the Conestoga were placed in protective custody at the jail after fourteen Conestoga were murdered by a settler mob known as the Paxton Boys. On December 27, 1763, thirteen days after the first massacre, the Paxton Boys broke past the sheriff and others defending the jail and murdered all of the remaining Conestoga. None of the attackers were arrested. This became the subject matter for the first plays ever written on American soil: A Dialogue Between Andrew Trueman and Thomas Zealot About the Killing the Indians at Cannestogoe and Lancaster and The Paxton Boys, a Farce.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated as a site of significance to the Underground Railroad by the National Park Service in 2008. This connection stemmed from an event in 1835 where two fugitive slave women were clandestinely freed from the jail by the sheriff in defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act, allowing them to escape to Philadelphia where they were later captured.</p><br>
<p>The current building was erected in 1852. The building, then called Fulton Hall, was named after Lancaster native Robert Fulton. Fulton Hall operated as a town hall and stage for traveling theatrical groups, hosting noted orators including William Jennings Bryan and Lancaster abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens along with famed actors including Edwin Booth and John Wilkes Booth. During the American Civil War, Fulton Hall served as an armory and hospital.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, Fulton Hall was sold to hotelkeeper Hilaire Zaepfel and showman Blasius Yecker. Zaepfel sold his share of the hall to Yecker in 1869, and Yecker commissioned theatre architect Edwin Forrest Durang to renovate it into a Victorian opera house. Its grand opening took place on October 2, 1873 with a performance of Othello benefitting Civil War widows and orphans.</p><br>
<p>A projection booth was installed in 1930, allowing the theatre to screen movies. Over time, stage productions ceased entirely, and the theatre languished, primarily screening second- and third-run films. Facing demolition, a campaign was launched in the 1950s to restore the theatre. A grand reopening ceremony occurred in 1952, on the 100th anniversary of the theatres creation, but business remained weak. In 1962, the Fulton Opera House Foundation was formed, and funds were raised to purchase the building as a nonprofit in the hopes of raising money so that it could be restored. In 1995, the renovation of the theatre was completed; the Fulton would reopen that October with a staging of Steven Sondheims Company.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The current building was commissioned by Christopher Hager, a Lancaster merchant and civic leader, and designed by renowned Philadelphia architect Samuel Sloan, who later designed the Lancaster County Courthouse. The original foundation stones from the jail remain at the rear entrance to the Fulton Theatre, along with a plaque commemorating the Conestoga Massacre. On the front façade stands a statue of the Theatre&#39;s namesake, Robert Fulton. This statue is a replica of the original wooden statue, which is displayed inside the interior lobby.</p><br>
<p>The Fulton Theatre was renovated in the early 1870s by noted theatrical architect Edwin Forrest Durang. By 1996, the theatre had been renovated again, with a new 560-seat main stage, practice rooms, and recital stage.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two theatres recognized as National Historic Landmarks (the other is the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia).</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>A founding member of the (LHAT), the Fulton is operated by the Fulton Theatre Company, a non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>As the Fulton is run on a non-profit basis, it depends on a variety of grants, corporate sponsorship, and private donations to accomplish its mission. The Fulton is an Equity House, operating under agreement with the Actor&#39;s Equity Association and the Union for Professional Actors and Stage Managers (which essentially means that its actors and production team are paid per collective bargaining agreements, as opposed to non-equity actors who are not paid per collective bargaining agreements or volunteers) and employs members of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society and the United Scenic Artists. The Fulton is also a member of ASSITEJ, the International Association of Theatre for Children and Young People.</p><br>
<p>The Fulton Theatre is home to six mainstage productions per year including previous productions of Disneys Newsies, In The Heights, Agatha Christies The Mousetrap, some of which are world premier originals (critically acclaimed Lightning Rod, 2005); four family series productions, including the Fultons own Twas the Night Before Christmas, Aladdin, Jack and the Beanstalk, the Musical, and other theatre for young audiences productions; and four studio series productions, including the Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Disgraced, along with other riveting productions like Venus in Fur, Veronicas Room and Other Desert Cities. Although most casting takes place in New York City, regional auditions are also held. While many of The Fultons regulars are Lancaster County natives who are delighted at the chance to return home to perform, nearly all quickly fall in love with the "Grand Old Lady" and her charm.</p><br>
<p>In addition to providing a place of employment for professional actors, the Fulton Theatre Company is a complete production facility which employs full-time carpenters, electricians, scenic artists, painters, composers, lighting and sound technicians. Most set pieces and costumes are created in-house or at an adjacent workshop, and makeup, hair, and wigs are created by a full-time designer. The Fulton also maintains a costume shop which provides access to professional quality costumes and props to schools, community theatre companies, and other organizations throughout the region. Its marketing department maintains a website that allows users to browse theatre history, check audition times, and purchase tickets. All posters and print materials, including production programs, are cataloged and archived by the Lancaster Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Many famous actors have appeared at the Fulton. In December 1930 Basil Rathbone appeared as Christian St. Obin in A Kiss of Importance. Peter Weir&#39;s film, "," starring Harrison Ford and Kelly McGillis, much of which represents the lifestyle of the Amish,</p><br>
<p>Collinsville is a village and census-designated place  in the town of Canton, Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,746 at the 2010 census. The central portion of the village is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built around the Collins Company Axe Factory, a manufacturer of edge tools, such as axes, machetes, picks and knives. Collins machetes were the brand of choice in South America. Collins tools were used almost exclusively for the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and axes and picks made their way across the country to be used in the California Gold Rush. Admiral Peary carried Collins tools to the North Pole.</p><br>
<p>Typical of New England mills, the Collins Company axe factory was sited on a river (the Farmington), and their production was powered by utilizing the water&#39;s strength to turn turbines and power machines. The numerous old buildings ramble along the riverbanks intertwined by an intricate maze of sluices that run throughout the site. The company closed its doors in 1966, but the factory buildings stayed standing and are now rented out to local businesses. The ambiance of Main Street reflects period architecture with ornate details from the start of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to historian Diana Muir, writing in Reflections in Bullough&#39;s Pond, it was in Collinsville that Elisha Root invented the important industrial technique of die casting. Root was employed by Samuel W. Collins, whose Collins and Company was the largest manufacturer of axes in the nineteenth century. Other famous historical residents of Collinsville included George Washington Flint and William E. Simonds.</p><br>
<p>Collinsville hosts an annual Halloween Parade through the historic town. The parade is held on the last Saturday of October at 7 p.m. Children&#39;s activities begin at 6 p.m.</p><br>
<p>Collinsville was voted one of the "Top 10 Coolest Small Towns in America" in the September 2007 issue of Arthur Frommer&#39;s Budget Travel magazine.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.2 km&sup2, of which 8.1 km&sup2; is land and 1.1 km&sup2, or 11.79%, is water.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the census of 2000, there were 2,686 people, 1,080 households, and 723 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 871.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,128 housing units at an average density of 366.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.54% White, 0.56% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population.</p><br>
<p>There were 1,080 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.</p><br>
<p>In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.</p><br>
<p>The median income for a household in the CDP was $60,690, and the median income for a family was $66,550. Males had a median income of $44,414 versus $37,679 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,050. About 1.4% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.</p><br>
<h2>Sites</h2><br>
<p>Collinsville is located directly on the Farmington River, and is a common place for people to walk and bike to, due to its convenient location along the Rails to Trails path. There are many cultural attractions in this town center, including LaSalle Market and Deli. It was once known as Keney Market, operated as a small traditional grocery setting, serving breakfast and deli sandwiches, donuts, and candy and providing a variety of local newspapers. The name changed when a family member from LaSalle Market of LaSalle Road in West Hartford purchased the business and changed the name to LaSalle Market. Frequently on Sundays and other occasions, there are live music demonstrations in the parking lot outside.</p><br>
<p>The Canton Historical Museum is located in a former Collins Company factory building built in 1865. Originally constructed to finish and assemble agricultural plows, the building was converted in 1924 to a recreational facility for its employees. Fred Widen, a pattern maker for the company, used a portion of the building for his large collection of Collins memorabilia. Today, the Canton Historical Society owns the 14,000+ sq. ft. building and has a large assortment of Collins Tools, as well as many Victorian items, a general store, farm/agricultural equipment, children&#39;s toys, looms, and a Bridal Parlor featuring wedding dresses worn by Canton residents from the late 1800s. Also of interest, are several Regina music boxes, a large pump fire engine, used by the Collins Company, an Edison phonograph and Edison fans. Upstairs, the Farmington Valley Railroad Society operates a railroad diorama of the village of Collinsville around the start of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>A research and genealogical library containing thousands of documents and photographs related to Canton and Collinsville history is also located upstairs, including black and white photos of the 1955 flood. Information about local cemeteries in Canton and Collinsville are available in the library. The museum covers three floors with limited handicap accessibility, but plans are underway to make the building more accessible in the future.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, a Collinsville butcher feuded with his neighbor. To spite his neighbor, the butcher built between their adjoining houses a narrow, two-story structure with windows covered by Venetian blinds. The wooden building located between 23 and 25 River Street was the width of a standard stairway and allowed the butcher to block the sun to the neighbors home and block the neighbors view of the butchers property at will. The butchers son got along with the family next door and eventually tore down the Collinsville Spite House.</p><br>
